Scope of Philosophy of Education Essay Example For Students

Extent of Philosophy of Education Essay The extent of theory of training Is limited to the field of instruction. The extent of theory of instruction Is worried about the issues of training. These issues predominantly incorporate ; Interpretation of human instinct, the world and the universe and their connection with man, ; understanding of points and beliefs of instruction. ; the relationship of different segments of the arrangement of instruction, ; relationship of training and different territories of national life Aims and Ideals of Education Philosophy fundamentally assesses the diverse offerings and beliefs of instruction, These contributions and goals have been spread by different scholars in various occasions. They are character building, man making, amicable human turn of events, groundwork for grown-up life, - advancement of performers, - usage of relaxation, preparing for community life, preparing for universal living, accomplishing social and national combination, - logical and innovative turn of events. Hence, theory of training basically assesses various points and beliefs tot instruction to show up at. B] Interpretation of Human Nature:- A philosophical image of human instinct Is an aftereffect of the amalgamation of the realities acquired from all the human sciences with the qualities examined in various regularizing sciences. The philosophical picture, Hereford, Is more extensive when contrasted with the image of man drawn by science, social science, brain science, financial aspects and human sciences and other human science. C) Educational Values:- Educational qualities are controlled by philosophical qualities. Instructive qualities engendered by various scholars have been gotten from their own reality, see and their point of view toward the reason for human life. D] Theory of Knowledge:- Education is identified with information. It is dictated by 1 OFF ten source, Limits, rules Ana implies AT Knowledge . Nine Locutions AT all strained Tall flimsy the Jurisdiction of epistemology, one of the parts of theory. E] Relationship of instruction and different zone of national life and different parts of the arrangement of training:- One of the most significant commitments of the way of thinking of training to the reason for instruction is the arrangement of standards for choosing the relationship of state and training, monetary framework and training, educational program, school association and the executives, discipline and so on. These issues have prompted the assessment of various ways of thinking of instruction.

Second Language Acquisition Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Second Language Acquisition - Article Example It centers around psycholinguistic methodology rather than the more ordinarily utilized customary semantic structures. Definitely, it uses various techniques to seize the students’ consideration and post-exercise exercises with the end goal of estimation for the referenced examination directed. The scientist figures out how to keep his job as it was not shown that he legitimately took part in the examination as to influence the result of the investigation in direct kindness of his speculation and how he needs the heading of the investigation to go. The exploration was made out of 88 understudies exposed to 71/2 hours or 3 weeks of Spanish proper introduction. A survey was apportioned after the test and following the last posttest to guarantee that they were in fact second language students without related knowledge from formal presentation to maintain a strategic distance from any noteworthy measure of any veering off free factors. First-year Spanish program understudies tried out the eight areas were then partitioned into gatherings. Haphazardly doled out are two of the segments assigned under four states of exchanged ‘amount of exposure’ and ‘type of exposure.’ The primary gathering was under single, instructor focused (TC). The second was, student focused (LC). The third was with different, educator focused (TC) presentation. Furthermore, the fourth was numerous, student focused. The examination was led in the range of one semester. Clearly, the examination would have trial presentation based exercises for the LC gatherings. Exercises, for example, crossword puzzles were utilized in accordance with basic intuition and for assessment implies essentially. Post-introduction evaluation devices are the foundation of this investigation as it gauges the adequacy or deficiency in that department of the controlling factors. The autonomous factors are the sorts and measure of introduction.

Finding Your Students Voice Through Blogging

Finding Your Student’s Voice Through Blogging (0) Blogging. Without question one of the most powerful ways to communicate in the 21st century. The question becomes, how can we effectively put this incredible tool into the hands of our students? This is the question I asked myself as I was trying to do just that. I wasn’t sure exactly how I was going to get started, but I knew three things. I knew I wanted to build my student’s digital literacy skills, I wanted them to collaborate and connect with each other and the world, and I wanted my students to have their own digital space that they could call their own. After finding my way, I can honestly say that blogging has become a truly authentic and meaningful learning opportunity that has given even my quietest student a voice. If you are interested in blogging with your students, but just aren’t sure how to jump in, here are a few tips I have learned along the way: 1. CHOOSE A PLATFORM There are many platforms out there for blogging, the most popular being Blogger, KidBlog, and  EduBlog. Personally, I use Blogger with my students, which is powered by Google. Being in a GAFE school district, I loved how seamlessly it integrated with my student’s Google accounts, and all of the personalization it provided for them. Investigate your options, and decide which platform would work the best for you and your students. 2. START SMALL Blogging, like anything else you would introduce to your students, should be a progression of learning and needs to be explicitly taught. I like to start as small as paper blogging (there’s nothing wrong with a little low-tech!). I also found it beneficial to have a class blog before students get individual blogs of their own.   With a class blog, the teacher can model the ins and outs of blogging and teach essential mini-lessons on concepts like how to comment appropriately, how to engage your audience, and how to make your posts meaningful. 3. INCORPORATE DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP It is crucial to avoid the ‘one and done’ approach and make sure you teach and promote Digital Citizenship to your students throughout the year. Technology can be an amazing tool to empower our students, but Digital Citizenship needs to go hand in hand. Students need to be aware and fully understand how and why to use technology appropriately. Free Digital Citizenship curriculums, like the ones from Common Sense Media and Google are excellent resources that make it easy for teachers to incorporate all year. 4. PROMOTE STUDENT CHOICE In order for your students to have an authentic blogging experience, they need to have choice in what and how they blog. Encourage students to ask questions, research, and communicate their ideas about topics they are passionate about. It may be beneficial to give them suggestions as they are getting started, however don’t box them into teacher directed topics. This should be a place where students can share and celebrate their voice and take ownership over their learning. In the process, you are gaining insight about who they are personally and building valuable relationships with your students. 5. MAKE CONNECTIONS It is important to provide an authentic audience for your students. Encourage students to collaborate, and make connections with one another, cultivating digital conversation through commenting. In my experiences, I have found that students are more likely to put forth effort and take ownership of what they are putting out there, when they know they have an audience. With that being said, share your student’s blogs! Invite other students, educators, parents, community members, and the world to celebrate your student’s writing with them! DIVE RIGHT IN If you are thinking about incorporating blogging into your classroom, I challenge you to take the risk and go for it! Immersing my students into the world of blogging has been an incredible and rewarding learning experience for not just my students, but for myself as well. If you are interested in taking your student blogging to the next level, stay tuned for my next post on connecting communities through QuadBlogging.

Hobbes And The Natural State Of Nature Essay - 1514 Words

A hallmark of Thomas Hobbes political philosophy lies in his delineations of two distinct conditions which men can reside in; the state of nature, and the commonwealth led by a sovereign, otherwise referred to as the Leviathan. In order to illustrate how the former state gives way to the latter, Hobbes constructs a perception of nature in which the lives of men are riddled with ambiguity, fear, and distrust. He proposes, then, that the optimal civil society is not constructed by embracing the natural state of man, but by entering into a commonwealth that restricts and subdues the limitless rights, actions, and motivations of men. Indeed, Hobbes’s view of nature shapes his political theory by motivating him to suggest the creation of artificial political structures in order to subjugate the chaotic reality of the natural state of man. Firstly, Hobbes concludes that the extent of human action is boundless in the state of nature, and entering into a civil society is the sole way of constraining the actions and abilities of man. Hobbes asserts that all men are naturally motivated by power, and will take whatever lengths necessary to acquire advancement. Since there are no limitations to what a man may achieve in nature, the measures that one could take to achieve domination are only hindered by individual physical boundaries. There is no regulatory force that would impede any man from doing anything. Thus, Hobbes concludes that in the state of nature, â€Å"every man has a RightShow MoreRelatedEssay about Comparing Hobbes and Lockes Versions of the Social Contract1349 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Hobbes and Lockes Versions of the Social Contract Thomas Hobbes, author of Leviathan, claims that peace and unity can best be achieved by setting up a society by having humans agree to a covenant (Hobbes: Ch.18 pg.548). A sovereign who is in charge of protecting the society or state rules Hobbes’s society. In his introduction, Hobbes describes this commonwealth as an artificial person and as a body politic that mimics the human body. Hobbes portrays the state as a gigantic humanRead MoreTopic sentence. Thomas Hobbes interpretation of natural law is not only radically different, but1300 Words   |  6 Pagessentence. Thomas Hobbes interpretation of natural law is not only radically different, but inconsistent with the traditional view. This can be seen through the similarities and differences found when comparing Thomas Hobbes theory, and Thomas Aquinas’ theory in regards to their view of man’s ultimate goal, their definition of natural law in regards to its relationship with human rationality, and lastly how t hey view the meaning and relationship of divine providence and religion in natural law. The followingRead MoreAnalysis Of Aristotle s The Leviathan Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesonce wrote in his novel Politics, â€Å"Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something that precedes the individual. Anyone who either cannot lead the common life or is so self-sufficient as not to need to, and therefore does not partake of society, is either a beast or a god. † (Aristotle 4) Dating back to Ancient Greece, the state of nature has been observed and disputed for centuriesRead MoreRousseau s View On State Of Nature1551 Words   |  7 Pagesargument of the state of nature often comes into discussion. However, two mainstream philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean- Jacques Rousseau have similarities, but mostly have multiple different ideas on this theory. Although Hobbes makes valid points Rousseau s view on state of nature is more realistic then Hobbes. Rousseau’s view on the state of nature is interpreted as a forest, and refers to the â€Å"savage man†. He begins by explaining how he relates man to an animal he states â€Å"when I strip thatRead MoreCompare And Contrast Hobbes And Locke1391 Words   |  6 Pages Hobbes and Locke in State of Nature and War. Introduction Without a doubt, Hobbes with his work Leviathan and Locke with his treatises on The Civil Government illustrated a before and after regarding Philosophy and politics of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The historical events in England such as the English civil war (Hobbes) and the war against France (Locke) marked both scholars and influenced their thoughts to match and oppose naturally. However, both made a significant contributionRead MoreHuman Nature Is Good, And Being A Beast1165 Words   |  5 Pages Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, and the author of Leviathan. Hobbes declared that human life was â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short†(Hobbes, 107). Hobbes felt that the natural state of man was beast-like, and savage. Thus, he felt that it is civilization that influences and challenges humanity from our fundamental wickedness. Within his view, human nature is dangerous; which can only be rescued through culture and community. According to Hobbes , being â€Å"civilized† is good, and beingRead MoreDefinition Of Human Nature In Hobbess Leviathan1191 Words   |  5 PagesHobbes’ conception of human nature as detailed in Leviathan is largely influenced by his first-hand experiences in 17th century England. As detailed in lecture, Hobbes’ life was characterized by constant fear, which reached its apex during the English Civil War. During the conflict, he saw a society with no clear sovereign power ripping itself apart in a state of absolute war. Published at the end of the War, Hobbes’ Leviathan details his thoughts on the importance of a clearly defined sovereignRead MoreThe Theory Of Property And Property Rights900 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical theorists Thomas Hobbes and John Locke hold vastly different opinions in regard to the concept of property. In 1651, Hobbes outlined his views in his book, Leviathan, where he discusses societal structure and his social contract theory. Almost forty years later, Locke published his Second Treatise of Government, in which he described mankind’s state of nature, and natural rights. These two works expressed near complete opposite viewpoints in regards to the nature of property and human rightsRead MoreCompare and Contrast John Locke and Thomas Hobbes1028 Words   |  5 PagesMullins April 18, 2011 John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were two main political philosophers during the seventeenth century. Hobbes is largely known for his writing of the â€Å"Leviathan†, and Locke for authoring An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Included in their essays, both men discuss the purpose and structure of government, natural law, and the characteristics of man in and out of the state of nature. The two mens opinion of man vary widely. Hobbes sees man as being evil, whereas Locke viewsRead MoreEssay on The Natural Ways of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau1207 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, human nature is a commonly used term. On the other hand, there is not just one concept of human nature, but rather a plethora of concepts surrounding the idea. With the rise of capitalism, social structure is reformed; it is during this rise in the early seventeenth and eighteenth century, that John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduce their varying opinions surroun ding man in nature. The western philosophers mainly concern themselves with the concept of the

To What Extent Does Animal Cruelty Affect Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1812 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/21 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Cruelty To Animals Essay Did you like this example? Harming animals has been something that has been practiced for a long time, and is still being done in our modern day society. Violence or neglect perpetrated against animals is considered animal cruelty. It commonly takes place in both rural and urban areas intentionally by people who hoard, who make abusive actions, and who are in need of mental health or social services. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "To What Extent Does Animal Cruelty Affect Society" essay for you Create order Victims of animal cruelty are usually dogs, cats, horses, and livestock (humanesociety.org). Countries who are affected greatly by animal cruelty include Iran, Belarus, Ethiopia, and Venezuela. On the opposite side, Austria is a prime country that combats animal cruelty by placing strict laws that punish offenders harshly if they are caught. This contributes to society frequently, and raises the question to what extent does animal cruelty affect society? As said previously, animal cruelty is usually practiced by people who make abusive action. Researchers have found a riveting link between abuse against animals and violent acts such as domestic violence, child abuse, elder abuse and other violent behavior (aldf.org). According to them, a study made in 1997 by the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Northeastern University found that animal abusers are more 5 times more likely to inflict harm on humans. Another study published in 2013 found that 43% of those who commit a school massacre also commit acts of cruelty to animals. This source is deemed to be a reliable source for these types of information due to them being experienced and determined to combat animal cruelty through the legal system. It is not biased because they use factual researches and evidence that supports their cause. Animal cruelty is upsettingly common in Iran and according to the countryrs religion, Islam, dogs are considered dirty and impure and the islamic legal tradition has developed traditional injunctions that warn Muslims against contacts with dogs (animalsinislam.com). Sadly there have been Muslim that use this view to justify abusing and neglecting dogs. A site called Animals in Islam made by a Muslim veterinary surgeon talks about how dogs are treated in the Muslim community in their own perspective. This is to show how animal cruelty in Iran plagues their society. On social media, there have been ani mal cruelty recorded in videos which have been seen by many and over the past several years, there have been complaints about images posted that featured animals being abused. Seeing that, animal activists and protestors have gathered together in the Iranian capital city, Tehran, and other locations, and have been on the rise to combat the issue in Iran. Activists have also resorted to social media using popular apps like Telegram and Instagram to ask people for help to feed and treat the animals that are in distress. They have made a tremendous enough impact that their efforts have been recognized and heard by the Iranian government and spread by others. According to the World Animal Protection, Iran was one of the countries given the lowest rank when it comes to animal protection, which is a ?Gon the Animal Protection Index (API), due to it being one of the poorest countries to apply sanctions for animal cruelty. The World Animal Protection is an international, non-profit organization that aims to end animal suffering and should be considered a reliable source for factual information because of their experience and determination for this matter. I also personally believe that they have a high standing reputation due to them working with other animal welfare organizations, communities, businesses, and governments in the countries they work with (give.org). As for The Animal Protection Index, made by the World Animal Protection, is a ranking of countries around the globe according to their legislation and policy pertaining to protecting animals. The API has given each country an overall score, ?A representing the countries with the hi ghest results, and ?G representing the countries that need improvement in their legislation and policy (api.world animal protection.org). There are no legislation or policies that oppose animal cruelty, however, Farhad Dabiri, a senior adviser to Iranrs Environment Department, told the ILNA(Iran Labour News Agency) that a protest against animal abuse that was held last year in front of the departments offices convinced Massoumeh Ebtekar, who then headed the organization, to prepare a bill. (rferl.org). In the European country, Belarus, animal cruelty is also common due many neglecting the animals and leaving them to starve and such. Just like Iran, Belarus has also ranked the lowest grade by the API when it came to sanctioning animal cruelty (vaci.voiceless.org.au). One incident that occurred was stray cats being locked in basements and starved to death. According to news reports, officials have been foreclosing apartment basements and have trapped stray cats from leaving. Elena Titova, leader of Protect Life, an animal rights group, estimated that about 9,000 cats have been killed. Upon hearing this, people who were upset about the event have made efforts to aid the cats in distress. One is a 72-year-old woman, who took the time to feed the cats trapped through small holes in metal plates that board up the basements so she can prevent them from starving to death. Another, Chris Wolverton has also helped by creating a petition online to help stop the incident, 66,205 people from ar ound the world signed the petition (occupyforanimals.net). On October fourth, world animal day, dozens of pet owners and animal rights activists marched through the streets of the Venezuelan capital, Caracas, in a demonstration against animal cruelty. Around a hundred animal cruelty activists walked around with their pets holding signed and shouting Here we are, here we are, those that respect animal rights! (aparchive.com). During the march, the activists called on the government to ban bullfighting and Venezuelan style rodeo, known as, coleo, during which a cowboy grips on a bullrs tail and yanks it to the ground; the bulls tend to get harmed for entertainment purposes. As for the African country, Ethiopia, animal neglect is an issue. Just like Iran and Belarus, Ethiopia was given the lowest rank, ?G, for its lack of sanctions against animal cruelty according to the API (vaci.voiceless.org.au). In Ethiopia, transportation animals like horses and donkeys are used to move merchandise and pull carts. They often carry loads much beyond their strength and are beaten when they struggle. When these animals are old age or injured, people abandon them to fend for themselves, they suffer from lack of adequate food and water and are often hit by cars or become targets of animal abuse. Dr. Anteneh Roba a physician in Houston, Texas created an organization called the International Fund for Africa; its main focus is to teach and spread awareness about both animal and human welfare in his native land. The IFA highlights education humanely ways to treat these horses and donkeys, including a provision of water, lighter loads to carry, and discouraging hobbling, which is tying the animal foot to stop them from straying. In common c ases of stray dogs in Ethiopia, Dr. Roba helps to rescue the dogs and with the help of the Homeless Animal Protection Society of Ethiopia (HAPS), he saved four dogs from dying and sent them to the United States where theyll find a better life. Two of the dogs were sent to a rehabilitation center in Utah and two others were sent to Houston where later on, got adopted. IFA has done plenty to help in Ethiopia and their goal is to become a role model and teaching resource project for animal cruelty (advocacy.britannica.com). In Austria, animal welfare is greatly protected there; many laws and legislation there make it difficult to perpetrate harm against the animals. Austria was ranked an outstanding ?A which is the highest a country can get for their sanctions against animal cruelty (api.worldanimalprotection.org). Unfortunately, even with Austria being one of the best to protect animal welfare, there are still abusers who harm and cause animals to suffer. One case being twelve perpetrators that slaughtered seventy-nine sheeps causing them unnecessary suffering while slaughtering them (businessinsider.com). Business Insider is considered to have a high reputation, generally trustworthy for information and their factual reporting is high (mediabiasfactcheck.com). The organizer of this slaughter was fined one thousand two hundred sixty euros, which is one thousand five hundred in American dollars. This is why there are many animal welfare organizations in Austria that aid the animals in distress; these or ganizations may be non-governmental organizations. Along with other animal activists, Carol Byers, an American, founded an organization that focuses on helping the animals of Austria, called Animal Care of Austria in 2006 (animalcare-Austria.at). Byers supported various animal cruelty groups in the US and Austria for years; their main goal is to partner with similar groups just like them so they can combat animal cruelty more efficiently. Although animal cruelty is projecting negatively and usually shows humans at fault, there are exceptions where the animal gets aggressive and attacks the human instead. Animal bites are a major public health issue in Iran and they are associated with infectious diseases that starts from the bacteria tetani which develops the disease tetanus, it develops painful muscle spasms and can ultimately lead to death, and the bacteria perfringens, which is usually causes food poisoning (ams.ac.ir). In Ethiopia, more specifically in the city Addis Ababa, there have been in infestation of hyenas. There were about 300 to 1,000 living in the city and it was a danger. In 2011, airport authorities had to call in hunters for the hyenas that were posing a threat to the planes landing and taking off (bbc.com). Not only that, but the hyenas sometimes attack poor people that sleep on the streets. In December of 2014, authorities organized a cull, which is the slaughter of wild animals, and licensed hunters to kill 10 hyenas that were living near the capital of Ethiopia (bbc.com). This is an example of how some cases arent considered animal cruelty but more of defending and maintaining security in the community of Ethiopia. In my perspective, I do not condone animal cruelty, unless the animal is harmful and causes ravage, animals should not be abused. Although the researches ive done not change my view and opinion on this topic. I do recognize why people abuse animals in some scenarios. It could be due to where people grew up, and their surroundings; it can also be a cultural thing, such as religions, and the environment a person grows up and what country they are in. I believe that animals can be used for beneficial labor like for donkeys being used for transportation, however, I believe that to a degree. I believe that any animal that does not perpetuate harm against humans does not deserve to have harm perpetrated against them and that humans should take animal welfare into consideration.

The Function of Est in the Modern Society Free Essays

The function of EST in the modern society English for Science and Technology is designed for graduates an students of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology who are interested to enrich the scientific and technical English language and for people working or training to work as engineers and technicians. The material covers a wide range of technical areas, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and electronics. In learning a language, the aim is to be able to utilize the language in day-to-day tasks as also to meet the career demands. We will write a custom essay sample on The Function of Est in the Modern Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now The needs of the students are crucial in teaching and one should ensure that learning does take place and the learners do achieve their long-term goals which include learners’ ability to communicate in the target language outside of classrooms and realization of various professional/career opportunities. The language in EST is also more specialized. This is not surprising given the fact that scientific inquiry is a very specific process which relates to control, manipulation and observation of situations and involves research assumptions, hypothesis formation, and theory construction.With the worldwide dissemination of science and technique, English for science and technology has been developed into an important language in the scope of science and technology. Since the 1970s’, it had aroused extensive attention and led to much research among different nations. English for science and technology plays an important role in scientific and technical communication all over the world. The English for Science and Technology (EST) emerged in the 1950s.It was the outcome of the swift development of science and technology after World War?. Since the 1970s, the EST has aroused worldwide attention and led to much research among different nations. With more and more science papers published in English, the EST, a major variety of English, which is different from the daily English and literary English, has emerged as the times require with its own typical characteristics. And now it has become a significant language variety.The EST generally refers to both written language and spoken language about science and technology. It includes scientific books, papers, reports, experimental records and schemes; various scientific intelligence and scripts; the practical scientific handbooks (operative means including instruments, machines and tools); scientific films, videos and sound materials with the caption, etc. An important and perhaps surprising feature of English for Science and Technology is that its normal style is common to both written and spoken communication.The EST has its own characteristics such as high-level specialization, new concepts, complicated structure, simple and clear language, more declarative sentences, extensive use of the passive voice, many complicated and long sentences, etc. Compared with other literary forms, it has higher-level scientific nature, organization, accuracy and closeness. Following are three examples. First, Computer science (or computing science) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.It is frequently described as the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information. According to Peter J. Denning, the fundamental question underlying computer science is, â€Å"What can be (efficiently) automated? † Computer science has many sub-fields; some, such as computer graphics, emphasize the computation of specific results, while others, such as computational complexity theory, study the properties of computational problems. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations.For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describing computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to people. Computer specialists develop and maintain the computer equipment and software programs that form the basis of the Internet. They make up the majority of professional and related occupations, and account for about 34 percent of the industry as a who le.Computer programmers write, test, and customize the detailed instructions, called programs or software that computers follow to perform various functions such as connecting to the Internet or displaying a Web page. Using programming languages such as Java, they break down tasks into a logical series of simple commands for the computers to implement. Computer support specialists provide technical assistance to users who experience computer problems. They may provide support either to customers or to other employees within their own organization.Using automated diagnostic programs and their own technical knowledge, they analyze and solve problems with hardware, software, and systems. In this industry, they connect with users primarily through telephone calls and e-mail messages. Second, despite its relatively short history as a formal academic discipline, computer science has made a number of fundamental contributions to science and society. These include: Started the â€Å"digital revolution†, which includes the current Information Age and the Internet.A formal definition of computation and computability, and proof that there are computationally unsolvable and intractable problems. The concept of a programming language, a tool for the precise expression of methodological information at various levels of abstraction. In cryptography, breaking the Enigma machine was an important factor contributing to the Allied victory in World War II. Computer software engineers analyze user needs to formulate software specifications, and then design, develop, test, and evaluate programs to meet these requirements.While computer software engineers must possess strong programming skills, they generally focus on developing programs, which are then coded by computer programmers. Computer systems analysts develop customized computer systems and networks for clients. They work with organizations to solve problems by designing or tailoring systems to meet unique requirements and then implementing these systems. By customizing systems to specific tasks, they help their clients maximize the benefit from investment in hardware, software, and other resources. Third, material science and engineering is a discipline that concerns the materials composition, manufacture ; process, structure, property and materials service behavior. Today, the major trend of the development of material science and engineering includes: research and development of nonmaterial and anomic structure is listed at the top of the research strategy of materials science. Materials technology concerning about information technology, biotechnology and energy technology is developed very fast, and attracts more attention.The research of optimizing materials properties by complexity or integration of different materials emerged one after another. Characterization and measurement of microstructure, new mechanisms and technology of super precision assembly and machining become a powerful motivation for the exploration of material science. More attention is paid to computational materials. Nowadays development of economic society is facing the challenges of energy, resources, and environment. Ample attention should be given to the life ycle costs during research and application of materials, i. e. the materials should possess high performance and also should be easy for manufacturing and machining, at the same time, less dependence on resources and energy, and less pollution or destruction of environment. Therefore, the life cycle costs and control technology of the materials are the most important tasks with universality, urgency and long term view. These will also be the most important scientific problems that affect the development and modernization of our country.At present and in the future, in focusing on the whole life-cycle cost and cost-control, there are some core technology problems: (1) The prediction, design and control of usage behavior of materials: by clear understanding of relationship between structure and performance, accurate forecasts are carried out on material performance, leading to the realization of precise process-control and design; (2) Effici ent recycling of material; (3) Integration of structure and function in materials; (4) Analysis and testing technique of materials.Around 2050, a complete innovation system of materials science and technology will be established in China. The whole life-cycle, cost and cost-controlling will be the most important factors guiding the research ; development and application of materials. Fundamental research, capability of new processing and equipment development will be the first class in the world. Fulfill the strategy transition from large materials country to strong materials country. The development of advanced materials can fully meet the requirement of high-technology, renewable energy sources, life ; health and environmental protection.Development of the advanced materials can support and lead development of economy society. To fulfill the targets listed above, breakthroughs of material science and technology in the future may include: (1) Development of computational materials science makes it possible to systematically and accurately understand the relationship between microstructure and properties, which makes it possible for performance prediction and materials design, and to control accurately the production process. (2) Various new materials such as new energy, information, biology materials, nonmaterial, and biomimetic materials, are studied and applied. Meanwhile, the properties of the traditional materials are improved. (3) The integration of materials structure and function will be realized. Smart materials and high intelligent multi-structure composite materials will be developed. (4) Energy-efficient will be realized in production of high quality raw materials. Green preparation of materials and low-cost, high-efficiency recycling technology will be widely used. (5) Continuous near-net-shape manufacturing technology, integration of apparatus technology, intelligent controllable processing will also be widely brought into operation. 6) Service behavior including property evolution and mechanisms under extreme conditions will be understood clearly. Failure process of materials and structural device could be estimated accurately. Process of the whole life cycle could be evaluated and the damage of materials could be monitored and repaired. (7) With the development of science and technology, in-situ measurement and characterization of large volume could be realized. (8) Materials data will be improved and systematization. The whole life-cycle, cost and cost-controlling will be considered during manufacturing, design and choice of materials.A perfect materials system with Chinese feature will be established. Technology is defined as the practical application of science to commerce or industry. It is the technical means people use to improve their surroundings. It is also knowledge of using tools and machines to do tasks efficiently. We use technology to control the world in which we live. Technology is people using knowledge, tools, and systems to make their lives easier and better. People use technology to improve their ability to do work. Through technology, people communicate better.The huge number of technological innovations in telecommunications exemplifies this. Every month there will be a new hand phone out in the market. The Internet is also getting more sophisticated, which allows one person to communicate to another person at the other end of the world. Technology allows people to make more and better products. It is through biotechnology that we get better and more insect-resistant food. Our buildings are better through the use of technology. Often the terms, technology and science, are confused. Technology is said to be â€Å"applied science†. This is not true.Science deals with the natural world. Technology is the study of the natural laws that govern the universe. Science tells us that objects will fall to the earth (law of gravity). Science tells us that steel exposed to oxygen will rust (chemistry). Science tells us that cross-pollinating plants will produce predictable results (biology). On the other hand, technology deals with the human-made world. It is the study of ways people develop and use technical means – tools and machines. It tells us how to control the natural and human-made world. This is not to say science and technology are unrelated.Science deals with â€Å"understanding† while technology deals with â€Å"doing†. Science helps us know how to do something efficiently. Technology is rapidly changing our world. It is bringing us services beyond our grandparents’ wildest dreams. It seems that with each year the pace of change quickens. Each new process or invention makes still other advances possible. For example, the advancement of the movie industry (from silent movies to talking movies) allows for computer technology to be incorporated into movie-making. The meanings of the terms science and technology have changed significantly from one generation to another.More similarities than differences, however, can be found between the terms. Both science and technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by repetition (see Scientific Method). Science, at least in theory, is less concerned with the practicality of its results and more concerned with the development of general laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involved with each other. The varying interplay of the two can be observed in the historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engineers, physicists, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists. Differing educational requirements, social status, vocabulary, methodology, and types of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals, contribute to such distinctions as can be made between the activities of scientists and technologists; but throughout history the practitioners of â€Å"pure† science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions.Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydra ulics were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principles underlying its operations.In recent years a sharp value distinction has grown up between science and technology. Advances in science have frequently had their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. For these people, science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control. With the development of our science and technology and the increasing status of EST in our society, more and more learners are becoming interested in this subject. How to cite The Function of Est in the Modern Society, Papers

Curious George And The Man In The free essay sample

Yellow Hat Essay, Research Paper Through Thick and Thin Friends are appreciated the most in times of demand. They calm you down when you are stressed and comfort you when you cry but first and foremost they are at that place when you get in problem. A twosome of friends that are reflecting illustrations of lodging together in times of problem are Curious George and the Man in the Yellow Hat. We will write a custom essay sample on Curious George And The Man In The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No affair what sort of problem Curious George got into the Man in the Yellow Hat was ever at that place to bail him out. There were many times when George has someway gotten himself into problem. For case when he and the Man in the Yellow Hat went downtown. As they were walking by shops Curious George spotted a shop full of little novelties. All of the novelties fascinated George so much that he couldn # 8217 ; t defy taking a expression indoors so he wandered off from the Man in the Yellow Hat. Soon after he entered the shop he began to play with everything in sight and everything he picked up was broken before he set it back down. The storeowner finally spotted George and saw all the things he had broken. Although George was really regretful the storeowner insisted on being paid. A small piece tardily the Man in the Yellow Hat came in looking really dog-tired and said he had been looking for George all over. George began to explicate his quandary to the Man in the Yellow Hat and the Man in the Yellow Hat offered to pay for it all. What George didn # 8217 ; T know nevertheless is that the Man in the Yellow Hat paid for the amendss with the money he had been salvaging up for a new chapeau that he wanted really severely. This touching friendly relationship goes both ways nevertheless. For illustration when the Man in the Yellow Hat went to work one twenty-four hours and forgot his briefcase. On this peculiar twenty-four hours George was supposed to travel on a field trip that he had been waiting a really long clip for but he decided to convey the Man in the Yellow Hat his briefcase alternatively. George had to seek business district for hours to happen where the Man in the Yellow Hat worked. When he eventually got there the Man in the Yellow Hat told him he didn’t necessitate the briefcase that twenty-four hours but he would purchase George some ice pick for demoing such attempt and being such a good friend. There are times nevertheless when things go severely for these two. A certain instance of this comes to mind when they were looking for gifts for each other one Christmas. The Man in the Yellow Hat knew that the thing George wanted the most was a coat for his teddy bear. But he had no money so he decided to sell his yellow chapeau for the money cognizing how happy George would be with the coat. George was besides out shopping for a gift for the Man in the Yellow Hat and he knew that his friend wanted a strap to maintain his chapeau from falling off. Unfortunately George had no money so he sold his teddy bear to pay for the strap. When Christmas twenty-four hours came and the two saw what they had done for each other they decided that all they needed was each other # 8217 ; s friendly relationship because that was the best gift of all. These two friends have done about everything for each other and non regretted it for a minute. They are premier illustrations of what friends should be and how they should move. These two great friends have ever been at that place for each other and had stuck around through midst and thin.

1984 By Orwell And Totalitarian Society Essays -

1984 By Orwell And Totalitarian Society Living in a society with limited freedom of expression is not, in any case, enjoyable. A Totalitarian society is a good example of such a society, because although it provides control for the people, it can deny them a great deal of freedom to express themselves. The fictional society in George Orwell's "1984" stands as a metaphor for a Totalitarian society. Communication, personal beliefs, and individual loyalty to the government are all controlled by the inner party, which governs the people of Oceania in order to keep them from rebelling. Current society in America is much more democratic. It contrasts with Orwell's society of 1984 because communication, personal beliefs and the people's loyalty to the government are all determined by the individual. In order to keep the people of Oceania in conformity with the desires of the governing Inner Party; the Inner Party controls several aspects of the people's lives. Communication, for one, is controlled for the benefit of the nation. Newspeak is a modified version of language that is enforced upon the people in order to limit their expression. Syme and Winston, two middle-class workers in Oceania, discuss the concept of Newspeak. Syme reveals that he supports the system, demonstrating how he has been brainwashed by the Inner Party who enforces the system. "It's a beautiful thing, the destruction of words... You haven't a real appreciation for Newspeak, Winston... Don't you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thougtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. (p. 46)" One can detect from this quotation that the people of Oceania, as a group, have been brainwashed by the Inner Party to use only Newspeak. Syme, for one, understands the purpose of it, and he still complies with the system because he has been trained to do so. The concept of Newspeak is designed to control personal beliefs of the citizens by limiting their form of expression as Syme explains. But when the governing system is not followed, Thought Police are used to prevent thoughts that oppose the nation. "How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual wire was guesswork. It was even conceivable that they watched everybody all the time. (p. 6)" There is no doubt that - through both Newspeak and Thought Police - the system of government in "1984" has adequately prevented the people from thinking against it. When all this surveillance is placed on the people, they learn to comply with their country and eventually begin to value it automatically. At the end of the story, after Winston is accused by the Thought Police of thoughtcrime and is tortured, he finally conforms to the general thoughts of Oceania. "He had finally won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother. (p. 245)" This quote indicates that the inner party has done everything that was necessary to preserve Winston's loyalty to the nation. Even Winston, who at one time was against his government, has now been "fixed" to support it and love his leader. The government of Oceania has gone to great lengths to change Winston's mind, and as always, they have gotten what they desire. America in 1999 is much different from Orwell's 1984 because, for one, freedom of expression is a dominating factor in American communication. In conversation as well as newspapers and magazines, a variety of views and opinions are openly expressed. Censorship is not enforced to a high degree. As an example, demonstrations and protests are often held which counter certain governmental policies; laws or propositions are often spoken out against in public. The fact that these rebellious actions are not punished by the government proves that the government of America is much more lenient than that of "1984". The expression of such a variety of beliefs comes from the freedom of individual beliefs. The government does not maintain the thoughts and opinions of the individual; the government does not have a system to control the thoughts of the individual. This is why one commonly sees such a variety of beliefs and ideas spread in advertisements and media. For instance, while there are often advertisement for meat, leather or fur products in magazines and such, other advertisements often try to suggest a more humane treatment of animals, therefore contradicting the idea that animals should be killed for human consumption. The modern American government fully allows any given belief of the individual people. And because

Show Me The Money 8 Good-Paying Part-Time Jobs

Show Me The Money 8 Good-Paying Part-Time Jobs part-time jobs are lucrative and plentiful, but finding them means knowing where to look. deciding on the type of job you want based on your skills and needs is a good first step. for instance, if you have small children and wish to work when they are at school, your search might focus on morning jobs. finding the right job for you is easier with thejobnetwork online search platform. focus on jobs that suit your needsjobs vary according to training, experience and location. some part-time jobs let you work from home. this saves on commuting time and cost. it also accommodates parents who would like to be at home with their children. other jobs might require a degree or specific experience in the field. depending on where you live, certain types of part-time jobs may be plentiful, and the pay range might differ. this post focuses on eight part-time jobs that pay well and offer flexibility.dog walkingthis part-time job is best suited to individuals who like dogs. you might need a city license. in addition, being bonded and having insurance protects you and your clients. both provide a level of security for your business. this part-time job pays between $15 and $75 per hour.tutoring studentsthis position is online or in person and suits many grad students or teachers as an excellent source of extra income. tutoring for sat or medical school and law school entrance exams are higher paying. the range for tutoring depends on the subject matter and pays from $15 to $200 per hour.web designerthis part-time job requires learned skills and a work portfolio. being able to do the job with a good turnaround time enables you to earn more. some design firms hire freelance designers at an hourly rate of $50. taking courses online or at a brick and mortar design school or college helps you move into this field.breakfast restaurant server or staffthis is sought after by those who need to have afternoons free. such establishments close by afternoon. the pay scale ranges depend on the geographic area. restaurants in this category pay up to $4 per hour plus tips.hair stylistbeing a hair stylist takes training and a license to provide this service. however, once attained, you are able to work as much or as little as you want depending on the salon. hairstylists make about $10 per hour, with differences depending on the salon and its location.bartenderdepending on the establishment, many bartender positions require training, certification for safe food handling such as servsafe may be required. this job bays an average of $10 to $75 per hour including tips. some bartenders favor events over working at a particular facility.tax preparation/accountantthis position can be seasonal or done at home. some individuals work for a tax preparation business while others set up their own businesses. tax preparers typically earn between $8 and $23 per hour as an employee, but self-employed workers can set an acceptable fee for clients.fitness instructorsbeing fit is enviabl e, and many job seekers establish their own fitness business or work at a gym. getting certified in such areas as pilates or yoga helps raise your fee, and the average pay is about $20 per hour.

EBusiness Strategy4 - Topic in Instruction Essay

EBusiness Strategy4 - Topic in Instruction - Essay Example While e-business is derived from similar terms such as "e-commerce," and "e-mail", which is also the conduct of business on the Internet, however it does not only encompass purchasing and selling but also providing support for customers and communicating and collaborating with business associates and stakeholders (Rouse, 2005). Without a doubt, e-business is the innovative and revolutionary form of e-commerce. At the present, the majority of business organizations is adopting e-business tools and applications for instance customer relationship management (CRM), enterprise resource planning (ERP) and e-procurement to transform customary business practices into internet supported activities. In addition, a number of researchers have favored this point of view. For instance, e-business and ecommerce work collectively. In this scenario, they form a both front and back-office frameworks that establish the structure of contemporary business. Moreover, the business organizations use e-busin ess as an overall strategy, while e-commerce is believed to be a very important component of e-business strategy (Viehland, 2000). The Internet allows business organizations to without problems look into the external and internal business structure with the purpose of collecting and analyzing data that could be utilized for effective decision making by business executive. In this scenario, these data can be used for making decisions regarding allocation of resources in a way that comply with industry or organizational standards and take the maximum benefit of accessible resources. It is an admitted fact that the use of the Internet allows business organizations to communicate and share data, ideas and decisions easily and quickly. The research has shown that the internet allows business organizations to benchmark from other organizations’ strategies that could be followed to attain certain objectives (Answers Corporation, 2013; Yourdon, 2001, p. 81). Without a doubt, the Inte rnet has significant impact on all the areas of a business. In the same way, it influences the way a business plans its strategies. For instance, the Internet is a huge source of information, and it provides significant information on every topic. The planning for e-business strategy starts with the motivation. Of course, the internet plays a significant role and significantly influences the motivation process. For instance, if the top manager or CEO of a firm (let’s say Company A) visits the web site of amazon.com and impressed by its e-business strategy. In fact, the amazon.com is a huge internet based business and the majority of the Internet users known about this business. In this scenario, this website works as a source of motivation for the CEO of Company A. This source of motivation will force the CEO to establish and plan a strategy that could attract more and more customers (following the example of amazon.com). As discussed above, the Internet is full of informatio n. For instance, if the CEO and management of Company A do not know what strategies and ways Amazon.com Company has adopted to attract a large number of customers then the Internet can help Company A find out ways to process planning steps. In this scenario, the Internet can be used to access information on Amazon’s e-business strategies. In fact, internet will not only provide the information regarding their strategies

Propose and Justify Research Method and Design Essay

Propose and Justify Research Method and Design - Essay Example Research design ensures that different parts of the research process do not conflict with each other. Research design usually comes after we have identified problem situations and developed a Hypothesis or problem statement. It’s usually is a rational decision making process, which is very methodological. To understand the role of ethical leadership in the educational environment, opinions, literature and hardcore statistics will be equally important. The nature of the study is such that a single dimensional study with only statistics or only opinions will not be able to answer the question at hand. In such a study taking only quantitative or only a qualitative analysis will complicate the problem statement. Thus there is a need to take a mixed method design approach for the study mentioned. A study using a mixed method design aims to establish facts using both quantitative and qualitative data; therefore it is called a mixed method design. Mixed method design is usually used in studies which are on the initial stages of research, and the research questions require the research to both come up with the proper definitions and solve the problem statement at the same time. If we use mixed method design for ‘How can ethical leadership in educational institution, influence a positive learning environment?’ a design with the following elements can be used. Below are details of why a mixed method design is important, for each element of research design. The purpose of the study will be to both explore and describe certain elements to enhance and increase understanding. An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation, or there are no valid examples of how similar problems have been handled in the past. This type of study enables to better comprehend the nature of the problem. In essence an exploratory study enables the researcher to get much needed familiarity with a research topic

Remedial and Institutional Constructive Trusts

Remedial and Institutional Constructive Trusts Title: The remedial constructive trust has taken root in the United States and Canada: it is unlikely to do so in England Millett LJ in Restitution and Constructive Trusts 1998 114 LQR p399. Explain the differences between remedial and institutional constructive trusts and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Discuss whether judges in England and Wales are likely to adopt the remedial system. INTRODUCTION A definition of a trust, reflected in case law, suggests that a person with responsibility for property has an obligation in accordance with principles of equity to exhibit beneficence[1] towards any beneficiaries, any of whom might enforce this obligation[2]. The concept of the constructive trust is not overwhelmingly supported, with Hayton categorising it â€Å"â€Å"a fiction which provides a useful remedy when no remedy is available in contract or in tort†[3]. A constructive trust may be either institutional or remedial, although only institutional constructive trusts are acceptable practice in the UK at the present time. According to Halsbury â€Å"the remedial constructive trust†¦is not in reality a trust at all, but merely a remedial mechanism by which equity gives relief for fraud’[4]. The distinction between constructive trusts raise a number of issues that are of particular relevance when considering whether the law in England and Wales is likely to adopt the remedial system. It must be noted, however, that, whilst the importance of both proprietary estoppel[5] and Pallant v Morgan[6] equity are acknowledged as relevant to a discussion on constructive trusts, their applications are specific. Accordingly, due to constraints on space, their inclusion in this particular essay have been omitted[7]. DISCUSSION Whilst law in other jurisdictions needs to resort to such measures as the remedial system, law in the UK currently relies on the Statutes of Limitation[8], within which remedial constructive trusts may be considered to be related to the Limitation Act 1980[9]. The specific distinction between legal and equitable ownership originated through the historical significance of common law and the law of equity, as established through the Courts of Chancery. It is readily acknowledged that a correlation exists between constructive trusts and the doctrine of equity, with effect from the date in which circumstances dictated a need for such intervention, a factor noted in Westdeutsche Bank[10] by Browne-Wilkinson, LJ who observed that â€Å"A remedial constructive trust†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is a judicial remedy giving rise to an enforceable equitable obligation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [11] Institutional Constructive Trust There have been a number of significant cases heard, where the courts have ruled that institutional constructive trusts will prevail[12]. An institutional constructive trust might be invoked in such cases as domestic disputes involving property, breaches within a fiduciary relationship, contracts relating to sales of land, and certain situations relating to commercial insolvency. Case law established ‘in law and in equity that land could be the subject of ownership’[13], with a further recognition that ‘the person owning either type of estate has a right of property’ according to Lord Browne-Wilkinson[14], established through statute in the Law of Property Act 1925. Freehold land, or land held in fee simple, relates to land held in trust to the Crown, with the owners being beneficiaries, or trustees, or land that is held in cestuis que trust which is revealed as an equitable estate. The requirement for a formal record of equitable entitlement to the transfer of land in accordance with the Law of Property Act 1925 53 (2)[15] reveals a situation inconsistent with the ethos of remedial trusts. Shares in property can be transferred from the owner of a property to bestow the gift of beneficial ownership on another person through the conveyancing procedure of legal transfer by deed according to the Law of Property Act 1925, section 52 (1). Conversely, where full consideration has not been paid when land is transferred an inference of fact would result, as clarified in Subsection 60(3) of the Law of Property Act 1925. Remedial Constructive Trusts Pascoe[16] notes an apparent lack of consensus as to whether remedial constructive trusts are based on an enforcement of proprietary rights or to avoid unconscionable conduct, but suggests it ‘is imposed by equity regardless of actual or presumed agreement or intention’[17] in order for the courts to implement a measure of restitution[18]. Certain situations require a remedy within the law that is particularly suitable for a specific set of circumstances. This is determined at the discretion of the court and is realised in the imposition of a remedial constructive trust, characterised by the particular facet that no trust existed prior to the intervention of the court. An interesting development in the definition attached to constructive trusts was suggested in Barnes v Addy[19] in which Lord Selborne, LC introduced the distinction between a duty owed by directors and duty owed by ‘non-fiduciary strangers’, referring to this concept as ‘the two limbs o f Barnes v Addy’. More recently this referent has been recognised as ‘recipient liability’[20] and ‘accessory liability’[21]. Various jurisdictions around the world acknowledge a distinct emphasis between institutional constructive trusts and remedial constructive trusts, based on the common law precepts of unjust enrichment. The constructive trust would then be recognised as a means of restitution[22], a remedy available for the courts to resort to when other methods of restitution are inappropriate. Often considered synonymous with remedial constructive trusts is the case of Polly Peck International plc (in admin) (No 2)[23]. Referring to additional rights of restitution that might be accorded the plaintiff in respect of legitimate rights to property the Court of Appeal in England made reference to the decision in the Supreme Court in Canada[24]. Different Jurisdictions Amongst the different jurisdictions who habitually utilise the remedial approach, Australia[25] generally adheres to a traditional approach characterised by a link between claimant and the property at dispute, whilst acknowledging the distinction between recipient and accessory[26] liabilities. Accordingly, remedies might be applied ‘in personam’ rather than ‘in rem’. According to Fardell and Fulton[27], the constructive trust has become an important remedy within the courts in New Zealand, fully utilising the concept of remedial constructive trusts in any situation in which a defendant might have prejudiced a plaintiff’s claim to equity as a matter of principle[28]. This particular application of the remedial system has been criticised by the judiciary in Australia as they perceive it represents â€Å"a medium for the indulgence of idiosyncratic notions of justice and fairness†[29]. However, at the New Zealand Court of Appeal Tipping, J concur red with the Australian opinion, although using different reasoning[30]. There have, however, been instances whereby a more controversial approach has been taken, often utilised in the US[31] although, on occasion, in other jurisdictions such as New Zealand in the case of Re Liggett[32] based, as it was, on the decision in the US case of Chase Manhattan Bank. Since then, however, both the Privy Council[33] and the House of Lords[34] have overruled that decision[35]. The law relating to constructive trusts has recently changed in Canada following the Supreme Court’s ruling in the cases of Soulos v. Korkontzilas[36]. Prior to this, such cases as Pettkus v Bekker[37], Sorochan v Sorochan[38] and Rosenfeldt v Olson[39] were the definitive referents in relation to remedies imposed by the courts to prevent the perpetuation of injustices within the specific categories associated with benefiting through unjust enrichment[40]. The Supreme Court focused on the ethos of ‘good conscience’ in their decision when ruling on Soulos v. Korkontzilas[41] . They decided that constructive trusts needed to be imposed to maintain certain standards[42], with four conditions introduced, each of which must present if a constructive trust was to be implemented[43]. Subsequently, these conditions have been applied to all cases relating to constructive trusts heard in Canada’s Supreme Court. CONCLUSION It has been suggested that every resulting trust is realised through the transfer of property in a situation where benefit to the recipient was not the intended option, the consequence of which is a presumption of resulting trust. This significance is recognised in the doctrine of equity in terms of recognition of the terms of endowment. In the UK it is in this particular situation that the inherent importance between constructive and resulting trusts lie. Furthermore, it is this particular situation in which other jurisdictions more often introduce the doctrine of remedial trusts. It appears to be accepted by the majority of commentators that, for a resulting trust to be formed, actual assets must be present in terms of identifiable property, the remedy of which may be found in common law. Despite Millett LJ being of the opinion that the remedial approach is unlikely to take root in England[44], it has been acknowledged in the Court of Appeal[45], the Privy Council[46] and in the House of Lords[47], in obiter dicta, that a possibility might exist for the future incorporation of remedial constructive trusts into UK legislation. This controversy has, by no means been resolved and, at some point will undoubtedly become incorporated into UK legislation, either in its present format, or modified to enable â€Å"†¦an aggrieved party to obtain restitution†[48] through the correlation that exists between constructive trusts and the doctrine of equity which is represented through the concept of morality and obligations, with â€Å"the benefit of an obligation [being] so treated that it has come to look rather like a true proprietary right†[49]. Total Word Count [excluding footnotes and bibliography]: 1,496 words BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: Cope, M (1992): Constructive Trusts. Sweet and Maxwell Maitland, F W (1936): Equity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page 115 Underhill and Hayton (1995): Law of Trusts and Trustees [15th ed]. London: Butterworth: Page 1 Wilkie, Margaret; Luxton, Peter; and Malcolm, Rosalind (1998): Blackstone’s Land Law. London: Blackstone Press, Page 111 HALSBURY’S LAWS Available Online from: Butterworth’s Direct Search facilities. Access via Athens Gateway: http://www.butterworths.com/butterworths.asp Vol 16 (2000 Reissue) Para 1072 Vol 48 (2000 Reissue) Paras 401 – 403: former Court of Chancery Vol 48 (2000 Reissue) Para 501. Vol 48 (2000 Reissue) Para 592 ARTICLES: Austin, RP (1988): The Melting Down of the Remedial Trust. 11 NSWLJ 66. Available from: Pascoe, Janine: Remedial Constructive Trusts and Corporate Insolvency: an Australian Perspective. Department of Business Law Taxation, Monash University, Australia. Available from: http://www.lbc.com.au/academic/ccl-ezine/pdf/vol8issue1_RemedialTrusts.pdf [Accessed 24th July 2005] Bryan, M (1995): Cleaning up after Breaches of Fiduciary Duty – the Liability of Banks and other Financial Institutions as Constructive Trustees. In 7 Bond Law Review 67. Available in: Pascoe, Janine: Remedial Constructive Trusts and Corporate Insolvency: an Australian Perspective. Department of Business Law Taxation, Monash University, Australia. Available from: http://www.lbc.com.au/academic/ccl-ezine/pdf/vol8issue1_RemedialTrusts.pdf [Accessed 24th July 2005] Dodds, J (1988): The New Constructive Trust: An Analysis of its Nature and Scope. 16 MULR 482. In Pascoe, Janine: Remedial Constructive Trusts and Corporate Insolvency: an Australian Perspective. Department of Business Law Taxation, Monash University, Australia. Available from: http://www.lbc.com.au/academic/ccl-ezine/pdf/vol8issue1_RemedialTrusts.pdf [Accessed 24th July 2005] Fardell, R and Fulton, K (1991): Constructive Trusts-A New Era. NZJL: 90. In Pascoe, Janine: Remedial Constructive Trusts and Corporate Insolvency: an Australian Perspective. Department of Business Law Taxation, Monash University, Australia. Available from: http://www.lbc.com.au/academic/ccl-ezine/pdf/vol8issue1_RemedialTrusts.pdf [Accessed 24th July 2005] Hayton, DJ (1985): Personal Accountability of Strangers as Constructive Trustees. 27 Malaya LR 313,314: Singapore Journal of Legal Studies. Access via ATHENS Gateway McKendrick, E (1994): Unascertained Goods: Ownership and Obligation Distinguished. 110 LQR 509 513 Millett LJ (1998): Restitution and Constructive Trusts 114 LQR p. 399 O’Connor, P (1996): Happy Partners or Strange Bedfellows: the Blending of Remedial and Institutional Features in the Evolving Constructive Trust 30 MULR 735. In Pascoe, Janine: Remedial Constructive Trusts and Corporate Insolvency: an Australian Perspective. Department of Business Law Taxation, Monash University, Australia. Available from: http://www.lbc.com.au/academic/ccl-ezine/pdf/vol8issue1_RemedialTrusts.pdf [Accessed 24th July 2005] ONLINE RESOURCES Pascoe, Janine: Remedial Constructive Trusts and Corporate Insolvency: an Australian Perspective. Department of Business Law Taxation, Monash University, Australia. Available from: http://www.lbc.com.au/academic/ccl-ezine/pdf/vol8issue1_RemedialTrusts.pdf [Accessed 24th July 2005] TABLE OF CASES: Baden Delvaux and Lecuit v Societe Generale [1993] 1 WLR at 509, 575 Bannister v Bannister [1948] 2 All ER 133 Banner Homes Group plc v Luff Developments Ltd [2000] Ch 372, CA Barnes v Addy (1874) LR 9 Ch App 244 Beatty v Guggenheim Exploration Co 225 NY 380 at 386 [1919] Chase Manhattan Bank NA v Israel British Bank (London) Ltd [1981] Ch 105 Cia de Seguros Imperio (a body corporate) v Heath (REBX) Ltd (formerly CE Heath Co (North America) Ltd) [2000] 2 All ER (Comm) 787; [2001] 1 WLR 112, CA Daly v The Sydney Stock Exchange Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 371 Fortex Group Ltd (In Rec and Liq) v MacIntoshes [1994] 3 WLR 199; [1998] 3 NZLR 171. Hussey v Palmer [1972] 3 All ER 70 (CA) Linter Group Ltd v Goldberg (1986) 160 CLR 371 Mabo v Queensland (No 2) [1992] 175 CLR 1, High Court of Australia Metall und Rohstoff AG v Donaldson Lufkin Jenrette Inc [1990] 1 QB 391 and [1989] 3 All ER 14 CA Muschinki v Dodds (1985) 160 CLR 583 at 614 Pallant v Morgan [1953] Ch 43, and [1952] 2 All ER 951 Paragon Finance plc v DB Thakerar Co (a firm) [1999] 1 All ER 400, CA Pettkus v Bekker [1980] 19 RFL (2d) 165 Polly Peck International plc (in admin) (No 2) [1998] 3 All ER 812 at 825-826 Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd (in receivership) [1995] 1 AC 74; [1994] 3 WLR 199 and [1994] 2 All ER 606 PC Re Liggett v Kingston [1993] 1 NZLR 257 Re Polly Peck International plc (in administration) (No 2) [1998] 3 All ER 812, and [1998] 2 BCLC 185, CA Re Sharpe [1980] 1 WLR 219 Rosenfeldt v Olson 1 BCLR (2d) 108, [1986] 3 WWR 403, 25 DLR (4th) 472 (CA). Sorochan v Sorochan [1986] 2 SCR 39 Soulos v Korkontzilas [1997] S.C.J. No. 52 Taylor v Davies [1920] AC 636, PC Tinsley v Milligan [1993] 3 WLR 126; [ 1994] 1 A.C. 340, 371 Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v. Islington London BC [ 1994] 4 All E.R. 890, 962, CA.; varied [ 1996] 2 All E.R. 961, HL; [ 1996] 2 All E.R. 961, 990, H.L; [1996] AC 669 at 714-415 1 Footnotes [1] See Beatty v Guggenheim Exploration Co 225 NY 380 at 386 [1919] [2] This definition is paraphrased from Halsbury’s Laws, Vol. 48 (2000 Reissue) at para 501 who have based this definition on Underhill and Hayton ( ): Law of Trusts and Trustees [15th ed]: Page 1 [3] Hayton, DJ (1985) 27 Mal LR 313,314 [4] Halsbury’s Law, Vol 48 (2000 Reissue) Para 501 [5] Halsbury’s Laws, Vol 16 (Reissue) Para 1072 and Vol 48 at 592 [6] Pallant v Morgan [1953] Ch 43, and [1952] 2 All ER 951. Halsbury’s Laws, Vol 48 at 593 [7] Banner Homes Group plc v Luff Developments Ltd [2000] Ch 372, CA per Chadwick LJ: this case introduced the term Pallant v Morgan equity [8] In accordance with the former Court of Chancery, Halsbury’s Laws, Vol 48, Paras 401 – 403 ante [9] Halsbury’s Laws, Vol 48 (2000 Reissue) Para 501 cites a number of cases relating to this point: Halsbury quotes Taylor v Davies [1920] AC 636, PC; Paragon Finance plc v DB Thakerar Co (a firm) [1999] 1 All ER 400, CA; Cia de Seguros Imperio (a body corporate) v Heath (REBX) Ltd (formerly CE Heath Co (North America) Ltd) [2000] 2 All ER (Comm) 787, and [2001] 1 WLR 112, CA [10] Westdeutsche Bank Landesbank Gironsentrale v Islington London BC [1996] AC 669 at 714-415 per Lord Browne-Wilkinson [11] â€Å"Under an institutional constructive trust, the trust arises by operation of law as from the date of the circumstances which gave rise to it: the function of the court is to declare that such a trust has arisen in the past. The consequences that arise from such a trust having arisen (including the possibly unfair consequences to third parties who, in the interim, have received the trust property) are also determined by rules of law, not under discretion. A remedial constructive trust, as I understand it, is different. It is a judicial remedy giving rise to an enforceable equitable obligation: the extent to which it operates retrospectively to the prejudice of third parties lies in the discretion of the court†. Ibid, Note 9 [12] Bannister v Bannister [1948] 2 All ER 133, Re Sharpe [1980] 1 WLR 219 and Beatty v Guggenheim Exploration Co 225 NY 380 at 386 [1919] [13] Mabo v Queensland (No 2) [1992] per Deane and Gaudron JJ [14] Tinsley v Milligan (1994): â€Å"English law has one single law of property made up of legal and equitable interests† per Lord Browne-Wilkinson [15] Wilkie, Margaret; Luxton, Peter; and Malcolm, Rosalind (1998): Blackstone’s Land Law. London: Blackstone Press, Page 111 [16] Pascoe, Janine ( ): Remedial Constructive Trusts and Corporate Insolvency: An Australian Perspective. Senior Law Lecturer, Department of Business Law Taxation, Monash University, Australia. [17] Muschinki v Dodds (1985) 160 CLR 583 at 614 per Deane J. Also Cope, M (1992): Constructive Trusts [18] Pascoe quotes a number of references from Australian literature: O’Connor, P (1996): Happy Partners or Strange Bedfellows: the Blending of Remedial and Institutional Features in the Evolving Constructive Trust. 30 MULR 735; Also Bryan, M (1995): Cleaning up after Breaches of Fiduciary Duty – the Liability of Banks and other Financial Institutions as Constructive Trustees. 7 Bond Law Review 67; Also Austin, RP (1988): The Melting Down of the Remedial Trust. 11 NSWLJ 66; Also Dodds, J (1988): The New Constructive Trust: An Analysis of its Nature and Scope. 16 MULR 482. [19] Barnes v Addy (1874) LR 9 Ch App 244 [20] See Baden Delvaux and Lecuit v Societe Generale [1993] 1 WLR per Gibson, J at 509; 575 [21] Known as constructive trustees. This relates to a personal liability to an accessory to fraud [22] McKendrick, E (1994): Unascertained Goods: Ownership and Obligation Distinguished 110 LQR 509 [23] Polly Peck International plc (in admin) (No 2) [1998] 3 All ER 812 at 825-826 [24] See Soulos v Korkontzilas [1997] S.C.J. No. 52 [25] Pacoe, Janine: Remedial Constructive Trusts and Corporate Insolvency: an Australian Perspective. Department of Business Law Taxation, Monash University, Australia [26] LinterGroup Ltd v Goldberg (1986) 160 CLR 371: Constructive trustee was Linter Group as plaintiff. Goldberg Furst were directors of Arnsberg Pty Ltd who breached fiduciary duty. Southwell, J granted Linter Group priority over other creditors in terms of equitable claims and Daly v The Sydney Stock Exchange Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 371: this claim was rejected [27] Fardell, R and Fulton, K (1991): Constructive Trusts-A New Era. NZJL: 90 [28] See Fortex Group Ltd (In Rec and Liq) v MacIntoshes [1998] 3 NZLR 171. See also: Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd [1994] 3 WLR 199 as it represents opposing characteristics [29] Muschinski v Dodds (1985) 160 CLR 583 per Deane J [30] â€Å"the plaintiffs must be able to point to something which can be said to make it unconscionable—contrary to good conscience—for the secured creditors to rely on their rights a law†Fortex Group Ltd (in rec liq) v MacIntosh [1994] 3 WLR 199 per Tipping, J [31] Chase Manhattan Bank NA v Israel British Bank (London) Ltd [1981] Ch 105 [32] Re Liggett v Kingston [1993] 1 NZLR 257 [33] Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd [1994] 3 WLR 199 [34] Westdeutsche Landesbank Girocentrale v Islington Borough Council [1996] AC 669 [35] Constraints of space preclude a more detailed investigation of any of the cases [36] Soulos v. Korkontzilas [1997] S.C.J. No. 52 [37] [1980] 19 RFL (2d) 165 [38] [1986] 2 SCR 39 [39] 1 BCLR (2d) 108, [1986] 3 WWR 403, 25 DLR (4th) 472 (CA). [40] â€Å"absence of any juristic reason† [41] Soulos v. Korkontzilas [1997] S.C.J. No. 52 [42] â€Å"†¦a constructive trust may be imposed where good conscience so requires. I conclude that in Canada, under the broad umbrella of good conscience, constructive trusts are recognized both for wrongful acts like fraud and breach of duty of loyalty, as well as to remedy unjust enrichment and corresponding deprivation†: Soulos v. Korkontzilas [1997] S.C.J. No. 52, per Justice McLaughlin [43] Breach of an equitable obligation; assets still with defendant; plaintiff to present legitimate reason for recourse to courts; no third parties who might be unjustly penalised through a constructive trust [44] Millett LJ in Restitution and Constructive Trusts 1998 114 LQR p. 399 [45] Metall und Rohstoff AG v Donaldson Lufkin Jenrette Inc [1990] 1 QB 391 and [1989] 3 All ER 14 CA; Also Re Polly Peck International plc (in administration) (No 2) [1998] 3 All ER 812, and [1998] 2 BCLC 185, CA [46] Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd (in receivership) [1995] 1 AC 74 and [1994] 2 All ER 606 PC [47] Westdeutsche Landesbank Gironzentrale v Islington London Borough Council [1996] AC 669, and [1996] 2 All ER 961, HL [48] Hussey v Palmer [1972] 3 All ER 70 (CA) per Lord Denning [49] Maitland, F W (1936): Equity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page 115

Qatar

Known as the State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qa?ar, is an Arab emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait of the Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island state of Bahrain. Qatar has been ruled as an absolute monarchy by the al-Thani family since the mid-19th century. Formerly a British protectorate noted mainly for pearling, it became independent in 1971, and has become one of the region's wealthiest states due to its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani became Emir when he seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a peaceful coup d'etat. [7] The most important positions in Qatar are held by the members of the al-Thani family, or close confidants of the al- Thani family. Beginning in 1992, Qatar has built intimate military ties with the United States, and is now the location of U. S. Central Command’s Forward Headquarters and the Combined Air Operations Center. Qatar has the world's largest per capita production and proven reserves of both oil and natural gas. In 2010, Qatar had the world's highest GDP per capita, while the economy grew by 19. 40%, the fastest in the world. The main drivers for this rapid growth are attributed to ongoing increases in production and exports of liquefied natural gas, oil, petrochemicals and related industries. Qatar has the highest human development in the Arab World after the United Arab Emirates. In 2009, Qatar was the United States’ fifth largest export market in the Middle East, trailing behind the U. A. E. , Israel, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. With a small citizen population of less than 300,000 people, Qatar relies heavily on foreign citizens, both for its protection and generating labor demand. Qatar has attracted an estimated $100 billion in investment, with approximately $60–70 billion coming from the U. S in the energy sector. It is estimated that Qatar will invest over $120 billion in the energy sector in the next ten years

Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 56~57

56 Escape Kimi was trying to call up thunder and was having no luck at all. He'd been chanting and waving his arms for half an hour and there still wasn't a cloud in the sky. â€Å"You're not holding your arms right,† Sarapul said. He was lying under a palm tree, chewing a betel nut and offering constructive criticism to the navigator. Sepie lay nearby watching. â€Å"I am too,† Kimi said. â€Å"I'm holding them the same way you do.† â€Å"Maybe it doesn't work for Filipinos.† â€Å"It's because I'm shot,† Kimi said. â€Å"If I wasn't shot, I could do this.† Sarapul scanned the horizon. Not even a bird. â€Å"That's it. It's because you're shot.† He spit out a red stream of betel nut juice. â€Å"And you're not holding your arms right.† Kimi resumed chanting and waving his arms. â€Å"Hey!† Sarapul said. â€Å"What? Did you hear thunder? I knew I could do it.† â€Å"No. Be quiet. Someone is calling you.† Kimi listened. Someone was calling him, and they were getting closer. He limped down the beach toward the voice and saw Tucker Case coming around the island. â€Å"Hey, boss, what you doin' out here during the day? The Sorcerer gonna be plenty mad at you.† Tuck was out of breath. â€Å"He is mad. I need your boat, Kimi. And I need you to navigate for me.† â€Å"Not his ship,† Sarapul said. â€Å"My ship.† â€Å"The doc is going to kill me if I don't get off the island. Can I use your boat?† The old cannibal was silent for a moment, thinking. â€Å"Where you go?† â€Å"I don't know. Guam, Yap, anywhere.† â€Å"Can I come?† â€Å"Yes, yes, if I can use your boat.† â€Å"Okay, we leave five days. Right, Kimi?† Kimi looked at Tuck. â€Å"It not be good sailing for five days.† â€Å"I have to go now, Kimi.† â€Å"Can Sepie come?† Sepie stepped back, surprised. â€Å"You want to take me? Women don't sail.† â€Å"You come,† Kimi said. â€Å"Okay, boss?† he said to Tuck. Tuck nodded. â€Å"Whatever. Sepie, go tell Malink that I need everyone to bring drinking coconuts. Many drinking coconuts with the husks taken off. Bananas, mangoes, papaya, and dried fish if he has any.† â€Å"There is plenty shark meat,† Sepie said. â€Å"I need it now, Sepie. Go. Tell Malink that Vincent demands it.† Sarapul began to chop at the underbrush in front of the sailing canoe to clear a path to the water. â€Å"Put down palm leaf to slide ship on,† he told Tuck. Tuck began to gather long palm fronds and lay them down in a path to the water. â€Å"Kimi, can you go get the things from my pack? There's things we can use.† â€Å"What about Roberto?† â€Å"Call for him, but go get the stuff. The money too.† â€Å"Okay, boss.† Ten minutes later Tuck looked up to see Malink leading a line of Shark People through the jungle. All were carrying baskets of food and husked green coconuts. â€Å"You are leaving?† â€Å"Yes, I have to go, Chief.† â€Å"You are taking our ship and our navigator.† â€Å"And our mispel,† Abo added from behind Malink. â€Å"I have to go, Malink. The Sorcerer and the Sky Priestess are going to kill me.† â€Å"But Vincent send you. How they hurt you?† â€Å"They don't really believe in Vincent. They use him to get you to give up the chosen, Malink. They're going to start killing off your people too.† â€Å"They no kill the Chosen. Chosen are for Vincent.† â€Å"No. I told you before. They take out your organs and sell them to be put inside of other people.† Malink scoffed. â€Å"You can no put one man kidney in other man.† â€Å"It was in People magazine. Didn't you see it? Demi Moore, Melanie Griffith, Mariel Hemingway, all of them? You didn't read about it?† Recognition lit up Malink's face. â€Å"Boob job!† â€Å"Yes,† Tuck said. â€Å"Where do you think they get those boobs?† â€Å"Oh, no.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"He speaks the truth,† Malink said to the islanders. â€Å"It was in People. Put the food in the boat.† He took Tuck aside. â€Å"You will come back?† â€Å"I'll try.† â€Å"And bring our navigator.† â€Å"I'll try, Malink. I really will.† â€Å"You try.† â€Å"Tide,† Kimi called. â€Å"We go now.† The center of the canoe was filled with coconuts, fruit, and bundles of dried shark meat wrapped in banana leaves. Kimi directed the men to get on either side of the canoe and push it over the mat of palm fronds to the water. When it was afloat, Tuck lifted Sepie in, then climbed in himself. Kimi, standing on the outrigger platform, started to hoist the sail. It was the shape of a tortilla chip stood on end with a bite taken out at the top. Tuck recognized the pieces of his pack sewn into the nylon patchwork. â€Å"Where is Sarapul?† Kimi said. â€Å"Here!† The old cannibal was running out of the jungle, seeming stronger now than Tuck had ever seen him. He had gone back for his spear, a long shaft of mahogany with a wickedly barbed metal tip. Tuck caught the old man by the forearm and pulled him out of the surf and into the canoe. The canoe was already fifty yards from the shore. Sarapul took the long oar at the rear and steered it toward the channel as Kimi stood on the outrigger platform and manipulated the sail. The Shark People stood on the beach looking stunned. A few waved. Malink looked forlorn, Abo heartbroken. â€Å"Thanks,† Tuck shouted over the wave. â€Å"Thank you, Malink.† â€Å"You will come back.† Malink said. It was not a question. Tuck turned to look out to sea, then looked back to see the Shark People wading into the water after them. Behind them he saw a dark figure come out of the jungle. There was no warning shot or demand to halt. Stripe came out onto the beach and opened up with the Uzi. Tuck pushed Sepie's head down under the edge of the gunwale just as a line of bullets stitched and splintered the wood. Kimi screamed and Tuck looked up to see a row of red geysers open in his back. He clung to one of the lines for a second, then fell into the sea. Another scream, this one from Sarapul, the hideous screech of a raging lynx, and the old man went over the side. The gunfire stopped and Tuck risked popping his head up to look back to the beach. Stripe was slamming a new clip into the Uzi as he waded after the canoe. The Shark People had fled from the water and disappeared into the jungle or were cowering on the beach, unable to move. With the sail loose, the canoe had swung around and was being carried by the tide toward the reef. They would miss the channel by only a few feet, but they would miss it and run aground on the reef. Tuck reached up to grab the steering oar just as Stripe let off another burst from the Uzi. At a hundred yards he was spraying a wide pattern, but Tuck heard a couple of bullets thunk into the side of the canoe. The normally crystal water near the shore was clouded with the sand and silt thrown up by the Shark People's retreat, so Stripe did not see the dark shape moving through the water toward him. He wanted a shot. He set the Uzi to semiautomatic and unfolded the stock to take careful aim. Tuck was standing now, leaning hard on the steering oar to bring the canoe around and through the channel. The outrigger scraped over the reef as the canoe approached broadside. Stripe lined up the sights between Tuck's shoulder blades, held his breath, let it out, then squeezed the trigger. Sarapul came out of the water like an angry marlin, spear-first. The metal point entered just under Stripe's chin and exited his skull at the crown, dragging brain and bone on its evil barb. As Stripe fell back, he emptied the clip into the sky. The canoe slipped through the channel into the open ocean. Out on the horizon, a small cloud appeared and dropped a mercurial lightning bolt into the sea, followed a few seconds later by Kimi's thunder. 57 West with the Bat The Sorcerer stood on the beach over the supine body of Yamata. The spear was still sticking out of the guard's skull like a gruesome note spindle waiting for a canceled receipt from the Reaper. â€Å"How did this happen?† the Sorcerer asked. Malink looked at his feet. The Sorcerer seemed more surprised than angry. A day had passed since Sarapul had killed Stripe, and Malink had waited in fear for the time when the Sorcerer would come looking for him. The other guards had torn the village apart looking for Tuck, and Malink had confessed that the pilot had left the island in an old canoe, but he had claimed ignorance of the whereabouts of the guard. Sarapul had been right. They should have pushed the body out to the edge of the reef for the sharks to eat. Actually, that had been Sarapul's second suggestion for the disposal of the body. â€Å"It look like accident,† Malink said. â€Å"Maybe he running and fall on his spear.† â€Å"I want the man who did this, Malink,† the Sorcerer said. â€Å"He is dead.† â€Å"The Filipino did this?† Malink nodded. The other guards had found Kimi's body in the village, where the Shark People had been preparing it for burial. â€Å"I don't think so. The Filipino took four bullets in the back. Whoever did this was very strong. Now you must tell me the truth or Vincent will be angry.† Malink was not afraid of Vincent's wrath. He only now realized that all the wrath his people had ever felt from Vincent had come by way of the Sorcerer and the Sky Priestess. He was afraid of the Sky Priestess. â€Å"The American do this before he leave in the canoe. The guard shoot the girl-man and the American kill the guard.† â€Å"Why didn't you tell me about this before?† â€Å"I am afraid Vincent will be angry.† â€Å"Where did they get a canoe? None of the Shark People know how to build a canoe.† â€Å"It was the girl-man. He know how. He build with Sarapul.† The Sorcerer balled his fists. â€Å"And Sarapul is gone too.† Malink nodded. â€Å"He sail away.† â€Å"Do you know where they were going?† Malink shook his head. â€Å"No. Sarapul is banished. We no talk with him.† â€Å"Where's the guard's weapon?† Malink shrugged. The Sorcerer turned his back and began walking up the beach. â€Å"Have your people bury this man, Malink. Don't let the other guards see him. And be ready. The Sky Priestess will visit you soon.† Sarapul crawled out from some nearby ferns and stood at Malink's side, watching the Sorcerer walk away. â€Å"We should have eaten this guy,† he said, kicking Yamata's body. â€Å"This is very bad,† Malink said. â€Å"He killed my friend.† Sarapul kicked the body again. â€Å"The Sky Priestess will be very angry.† Malink was, once again, feeling the weight of his position. The old cannibal shrugged. â€Å"Can I have my spear back?† Tuck knew that there was a way to use the hands of a watch in conjunction with the movement of the sun to determine direction, but since he wore a digital watch, it wouldn't have done him any good even if he knew the method, which he didn't. He guessed that Guam lay to the west, so he steered for the setting sun, spent the night guessing, and corrected his course to put the sun behind them at sunrise. He did know how to sail. It was required knowledge for a kid growing up in a wealthy family near San Diego, but celestial navigation was a complete mystery. Sepie was no help at all. Even if she knew anything, she hadn't said a word since Kimi had been shot. Tuck forced her to drink the water from a couple of green coconuts, but other than that, she had lain in the bow motionless for twenty-four hours. He was now looking at his second sunset at sea. He corrected his course and realized that they must have been traveling north most of the day. How far, he couldn't guess. He steered southwest until the sun lay on the water like a glowing platter, hoping to correct some of the damage. He really wished that Sepie would come around. He needed some sleep, and he needed some relief from his own thoughts. Thoughts of the Sky Priestess, of the Sorcerer, and of his dead friend Kimi. Despite the navigat-or's surly manner, he had been a good kid. Tuck, who had been brought up in relative luxury, couldn't imagine having endured the life that Kimi had lived. And the navigator had never given up. He had lived and died with courage. And he would still be alive if he hadn't met Tucker Case. â€Å"Fuck!† Tuck said to no one. He wiped his eyes on his sleeve and squinted at the gunmetal waves. There was a flapping noise up by the mast and Tuck adjusted the steering oar to catch the wind. The sail filled again, but the flapping continued for a second before it stopped. Roberto caught the shroud line that was secured to the outrigger and did an upside-down swinging landing that left him looking to the back of the canoe. Tuck couldn't have been happier if it had been an angel hanging from his shroud line. â€Å"Roberto?† â€Å"Yes,† the bat said. He was speaking in his own voice, not Vincent's. The accent Filipino, not Manhattan. Tuck almost burst out laughing. His mood swings were so rapid and wide now that he was afraid his sanity might be falling through the chasm. â€Å"I didn't recognize you without your glasses.† â€Å"I no like the light,† Roberto said. Tuck looked to Sepie, still lying in the bow. â€Å"Look, Sepie, it's Roberto.† The girl did not stir. â€Å"You are very sad about Kimi,† Roberto said. â€Å"Yes,† Tuck said, â€Å"I am sad.† â€Å"He tell you he was great navigator and you no believe him.† Tuck looked away. Something about bats increases shame by a factor of ten. â€Å"You are going the wrong way,† the bat said. â€Å"Go that way.† He pointed with a wing claw. The wind caught his wing and nearly spun him off the shroud line. He braced himself with the other wing claw and pointed again. â€Å"I mean that way.† â€Å"You're shitting me,† Tuck said. â€Å"That way.† â€Å"That's north. I'm going to Guam. West.† â€Å"That's west. I am born on Guam.† â€Å"You're a bat.† â€Å"You ever see a lost bat?† â€Å"No, but I've never seen a talking bat either.† â€Å"See?† Roberto said, as if he had made his point. â€Å"That way.† After all the evidence is in – after you've run all the facts by everything you know – and you're still lost, you have to do some things on faith. Tuck steered in the direction Roberto was pointing. A few minutes later he looked up to see Vincent sitting on the pile of coconuts in the center of the canoe. â€Å"Good call, listening to the bat,† Vincent said. â€Å"I just wanted you to know that the Shark People are going to build some ladders.† â€Å"Well, that's a useful bit of information,† Tuck said. â€Å"It will be,† Vincent said. Then he disappeared.