Nietzsches Revaluation of All Values - 2314 Words

Nietzsches Revaluation of All Values In the nineteenth century, popular philosophy - particularly the Hegelian dialectic - professed that mankind was developing in an upward direction, becoming more angelic as it were. Mans moral laws were more advanced, as support for democracy and equal rights were beginning to become popular. However, Friedrich Nietzsche believed that mankind was entering a downward spiral towards complete decadence. Modern man, with its advanced morality, was, in truth, decaying on the inside. Claims of morality merely masked modern mans decay: he is veiled behind moral formulas and concepts of decencyÂ…. [not] to mask human malice and villainyÂ…. [but] it is precisely as tame animals that we are a shameful†¦show more content†¦Nietzsches favourite examples of decadent values were altruistic. An ‘altruistic morality, a morality under which egoism languishes - is under all circumstances a bad signÂ…. [because] to choose what is harmful to oneself, to be attracted by ‘disinterested motives, almost constitutes the formula for decadence. [TI Expeditions of an Untimely Man 35] In demonstrating the harmful effects of altruism, he attached little value to pity because pity, insofar as it really causes suffering Â… is a weakness, like every losing of oneself through a harmful affect (D 134). Pity promotes nothing of value, instead this depressive and contagious instinct thwarts those instincts bent on preserving and enhancing the value of life: both as a multiplier of misery and as a conservator of everything miserable it is one of the chief instruments for the advancement of decadence. [AC 7] Nietzsche believed that pity came from a mistaken notion that suffering is evil. However, the discipline of suffering, of great suffering - do you not know that only this discipline has created all enhancements of man so far? (BGE 225) Pity alters great suffering into pathetic group misery that has no value. Other values are decadent due to their universal requirement. Chastity, for example, is harmful to some: not a few who sought to drive out their devil entered into the swineShow MoreRelated Nietzsches Revaluation of All Values Essay2301 Words   |  10 Pagesthe revaluation of all values. We need a critique of moral values, the value of these values should itself, for once, be examined?. [What if] morality itself were to blame if man, as a species, never reached his highest potential power and splendour? [GM P 6] In this essay I will first look at several reasons for the necessity of a revaluation of all values. Then I shall look at Nietzsche?s conception of the ?noble? and how through egoism, they can undertake the revaluation of all values. Read MoreThe Philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pages and those who loved it loved it with a passion. Nietzsche’s works are widespread and his view is that God is dead. This is not meant literally but in the context that the Christians faith is not gaining followers but that there is an explosion of non-believers. In the Madman he states, â€Å"God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death underRead MoreNietzsches Critique of Judeo-Christian Values2628 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ Nietzsche’s critique of Judeo-Christian values As perhaps one of the most important pieces of work written by Nietzsche, â€Å"On the Genealogy of Morality† contains some of his most complex and provocative thoughts on the nature of morality and its origins. It is evident throughout his essays that Nietzsche has a profound discontent with modern society and its values, a discontent that Nietzsche attempts to explain through a thorough critique of the modern values that have stemmed from the riseRead MoreNietzsche s On The Genealogy Of Morals1668 Words   |  7 Pagesmy own beliefs of what is sought as â€Å"good† and what is â€Å"bad,† I chose to expand my ideas and compare them to Friedrich Nietzsche’s first essay in â€Å"On the Genealogy of Morals.† Nietzsche first debunks the ideas of Nietzsche sees two types of morality at play creating these original definitions of good bad and evil, master morality and slave morality. I will also use Nietzsche’s concept of â€Å"will to powerà ¢â‚¬  to evaluate each of these ideas. Nietzsche believes that the will to power is the force thatRead MoreNietzsche versus Gandhi Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pageshave parallel means of finding a cure to such an illness as the one that plagues society. Nietzsche’s vision of spiritual health correlates directly with Gandhi’s image of industrialism and the self-sufficiency. This correlation prevails by highlighting the apparent sickness that is ubiquitous in both of the novels. Nietzsche sees our past as replete with decadence and spiritual decay. Oftentimes the values that we blindly accept have a contemptible origin; such is the case with the foundationsRead MoreNietzsche and Gandhi, Society1414 Words   |  6 Pageshave parallel means of finding a cure to such an illness as the one that plagues society. Nietzsche’s vision of spiritual health correlates directly with Gandhi’s image of industrialism and the self-sufficiency. This correlation prevails by highlighting the apparent sickness that is ubiquitous in both of the novels. Nietzsche sees our past as replete with decadence and spiritual decay. Oftentimes the values that we blindly accept have a contemptible origin; such is the case with the foundationsRead MoreCare Theory Compare Contrast1602 Words   |  7 PagesFriedich Nietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche’s (1844- 1900) ideas on truth, religion, morality, history, nihilism, power, and meaning of existence have had an enormous influence on modern Western philosophy (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009). His works remain highly controversial and there is widespread disagreement about their interpretation and significance. Some of the major concepts of his ideas in a very simplified way include Nihilism and the revaluation of values. Nihilism argues that lifeRead MoreNietzsche-Philosophizing with a Hammer Essay2032 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"sounding out idols† with his hammer. These are the eternal idols that have the capacity to disappear in the dark. My assumption is that he had a deliberate cause of using the paradoxical expression (Nietzsche, 1996). These idols include beliefs, ideals, values and truths and Nietzsche puts criticism on them as we tent to believe that they are eternal and that seem to rule our thought and action with a kind o f self justification. Through his philosophy, he has the intention of showing the historicity orRead MoreZarathustras Three Metamorphoses, Applied to Modernism Essay2213 Words   |  9 Pagesback into people’s daily lives, or by thinking about ways to overcome nihilism and go on without Him. This new era of modernism served as the backdrop to much of Nietzsche’s work, and had an undeniable impact on later writings such as Thus Spoke Zarathustra. The parable â€Å"The Three Metamorphoses† in that work is an outline of Nietzsche’s ideas about redemption in his contemporary period of Godless modernism. Though the title references three metamorphoses of the soul, one has already occurred whenRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Philosophies of Nietzsche and Plato1896 Words   |  8 Pagesachieve an optimistic view; the individual must learn to love fate. This also involves accepting reality for exactly what it is and not creating a false sense of â€Å"reality†Ã¢â‚¬â€what the person would â€Å"like† to see. Because of Nietzsche’s opinion that ‘God is dead† he believed that this life was all there was, so the best way to live was to realize the true actuality of the world, and to also use the love of what is real and actual to enjoy life. Plato, on the other hand, had a completely different concept of

Influenza And The Elderly Epidemic - 1920 Words

Influenza and the Elderly The last few days of summer are upon us, the leaves are beginning to change and it is once again fall in East Tennessee. While many are beginning to enjoy a relaxing break before the stresses of winter and the holidays, healthcare providers are bracing for the rush. The rush I speak of is that of doctor’s offices which are over run with those complaining of fevers, aches, and chills. Influenza season begins as early as August and can run as long as in to late March. Those affected by the virus can range from infants to the elderly, but most complications occur in those over 65, including death. According to the World Health Organization, the number of elderly persons is expected to increase from 600 million currently to over 2 billion worldwide by 2050. (WHO, 2015) Due to the rapid increase of this age group in the upcoming years, the need to prevent and establish treatment for illnesses that have the potential to be fatal in this population is a top priority. Greater risks of mortality in those over 65 who contract influenza can be attributed to several factors including: the elderly’s decline in immunity response, the inability of the elderly’s body to fully recover from infection, and finally, the long term complications of influenza among those who are already compromised. Disease Characteristics Causative Agent and Mode of Transmission Influenza, commonly referred to as the seasonal flu, is a respiratory infection caused by a virus. AreasShow MoreRelatedInfluenza Is An Acute Viral Infection1341 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction (.5 pages) Seasonal influenza commonly referred to as the â€Å"flu† is an acute viral infection caused by the influenza virus that can have possibly devastating effects on a community (â€Å"Influenza (Seasonal),† 2014). Seasonal influenza viruses cause annual epidemics that peak during the winter but can begin as early as late fall and last through early spring (â€Å"Prevention and Control of Influenza,† 2008). Influenza infections in the US affect a large amount of the US population. On averageRead More INFLUENZA Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesINFLUENZA Introduction One can claim that influenza is an infection that has victimized people from just about every generation that we have known. The term Influenza comes from the Latin word influentia, first used by the Italians in the 1600s. It is a highly contagious infection particulary of the respiratory tract.In addition to us humans, influenza can occur in pigs, horses, and several other mammals as well as in certain wild and birds. It can also jump from specie to specie as observedRead MoreThe Worldwide Influenza Epidemic in the US696 Words   |  3 PagesThe Worldwide Influenza Epidemic in the U.S. The 1918 has gone: a year momentous as the termination of the most cruel war in the annals of the human race; a year which marked, the end at least for a time, of mans destruction of man; unfortunately a year in which developed a most fatal infectious disease causing the death of hundreds of thousands of human beings. Medical science for four and one-half years devoted itself to putting men on the firing line and keeping them there. Now it must turnRead MoreIn a Written Paper of 1,200-1,500 Words, Apply the Concepts of Epidemiology and Nursing Research to a Communicable Disease.1408 Words   |  6 PagesInfluenza Introduction Influenza is among the most prevalent infectious airborne viral diseases that affect the respiratory system. According to the World Health Organization (2016), the infection majorly affects the throat, nose, and the bronchi, and on rare occasions, it may affect the lungs. Also commonly known as the flu, influenza infection is characterized by sneezing, itchy and running nose as well as throat inflammation. The initial signs and symptoms include fever with temperatures higherRead MoreInfluenza Vaccines And The Flu Vaccine1519 Words   |  7 PagesInfluenza Vaccines Summary This paper explores published works related to patients who received the flu vaccine who were sixty-five years and older. The evaluated articles examine the effectiveness the flu vaccine had on the patient population of sixty-five years and older in relation to avoiding the flu and pneumonia diseases and hospitalizations, in this group of patients. It has been conceded for years that senior adults age sixty-five and older are at greater risk from an influenza illness andRead MoreViral Infection: Influenza or Flu Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesInfluenza or flu is a rather contagious viral infection that infects the respiratory tract. Fever, cough, muscle aches, fatigue, rhinorrhea, and sore throat are the symptoms commonly associated with influenza virus. Individuals infected with influenza normally experience mild illness and recover within two weeks. However, specific groups, such as the elderly, young children, and individuals with co-morbidities, appear more susceptible to severe illness as well as mortality due to influenza relatedRead MoreInfluenza is caused by an RNA virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family (that consists of the genera700 Words   |  3 PagesInfluenza is caused by an RNA virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family (that consists of the genera influenza A, B, and C). Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics almost each winter within the United States. Influenza type B infects humans only, therefore it is unable of undergoing a mutation. Pandemics are caused solely by influenza A strains. The emergence of a new and completely different influenza virus to infect people will cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza kind C infectionsRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Influenza And Influenza1412 Words   |  6 Pagessecond to a variety of reasons, some that could be prevented others where that is not the case. However, experts agree that influenza and influenza related deaths could be significantly prevented if people took the influenza v accine annually. The influenza virus is a deadly virus that has been killing people since the 1900s; in 1918 the first recorded epidemic of a strain of influenza known as the Spanish flu killed approximately 50 million people (Pandemic Flu History). Because people did not know whatRead MoreVaccine and Influenza Illness Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesGrant Wade April 22, 2001 Influenza Influenza Influenza, also known as the flu, is a virus that infects the respiratory tract. Although Influenza is not as severe as many viral infections it is almost the worst for viral infections of the respiratory tract. Typically, when someone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually 100 ° to 103 °F in adults, but even higher in children) and causes a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and also headaches, muscle aches, and usuallyRead MoreEssay On Critical Evaluation Of Control Plan1112 Words   |  5 Pages5. Critical evaluation of control strategies within plans 5.1 Surveillance and detection As influenza is a global virus, surveillance is carried out at several levels: globally by the WHO’s Global Influenza Programme (GIP); regionally, for example European surveillance; and nationally by each countrys own surveillance systems (Johnson et al., 2010; WHO, 2017c). Various other global data sharing websites, for example FluNet and FluID provide up-to-date global surveillance information, allowing national

Ancient Peruvian Ceramics Essay Example For Students

Ancient Peruvian Ceramics Essay The first pottery pieces found in Peru were made somewhere between 1500 and 1000 b. p. The pieces were found in the central Andean region where a religious cult lived. This cult was called ChavÃÆ'Â ­n, after the best known ceremonial center, ChavÃÆ'Â ­n de HuÃÆ'Â ¡ntar. The religious center was the home to massive temples that were highly embellished with low relief sculptures of gods, animals, and symbols. The pottery found in the area where vessels that were well made and highly decorated with a similar motif as the temples. But the evolution of Peruvian pottery becomes somewhat confusing and complex after this first civilization of potters. There is a division of people into the North Coast and the South Coast. The split created two styles of pottery, although similar, they never quite merge. I am only going to talk about the north coast traditions. On the North coast there are five cultures that evolve into the dominant Mochica style, which was one of the most vigorous and prosperous cultures of Ancient Peru. The next earliest North Coast style, other than the ChavÃÆ'Â ­n, started with the Cupisnique people in the Chicama valley. Their ceramics closely resembled those of highland ChavÃÆ'Â ­n. They were well made and polished, though somewhat thick walled and heavy. The type of firing used produced a dark semireduced ware that varied from brownish gray to carbon black in color. Decoration consisted of bold, curvilinear human, feline, and birds of pray heads, eye patterns, pelt markings, and other brief symbols of geometric devices. In the valley to the south of the Cupisnique were the Salinar people who sometime during the fifth century b. p. oved into the north coast of Peru and spread its influence throughout the Cupisnique area. Salinar pottery, though deceptively primitive in ornamentation, was technologically superior to that of the Cupisnique. Vessels were made of well-prepared clays that were fully oxidized in firing, making them an even orange color. Cream and red slips were used to accentuate sculptural forms and create flat geometric patterns, but not to draw figurative motifs. The technical advan ces of the controlled oxidation firing and slip decoration soon had their effect on contemporary Cupisnique ceramics. Personally, I enjoyed the bottle forms they used with their double strap handles that lead from the shoulder of the forms to the one central spout. see figures 1 and 2. This style of vessel seems to continue throughout the centuries. Three other cultures in north coast valleys contributed their pottery style to the over all Cusisnique style that was evolving into the Mochica style. These people were the Gallinazo, Recuay, and VicÃÆ'Â ºs. The Gallinazo constructed double chamber vessels with whistle spouts and a type of decoration called negative decoration where they painted their simple designs on after the pieces were fired. The Recuay also had double chamber vessels but these had one functioning spout and one sculpted, usually an animal or figure. They also used negative decoration but theirs were much more elaborate designs than the Gallinazo vessels. The VicÃÆ'Â ºs lived in the highlands on the Ecuadorian border. They made very sculptural vessels with a stirrup handle and central spout. see figures 3, 4, and 5 Although a hand full of VicÃÆ'Â ºs artifacts have been found, not much is known about these people, but one can see a visible connection between all of these different cultures and the Mochica style that evolved out of them. The Mochica civilization flourished for nearly 1000 years and as time passed slight changes in the style could be seen and are chronologically separated into Mochica I-V. The first two are formative phases with lots of experimentation. The third concentrated on a distinctive art style, which continued through the forth and gradually declined in the fifth. They expressed many aspects of their culture and daily life in their ceramics. Things like warriors, runners people who run bags of beans were important to the ceremonial life, portraits, religion, gods, and animals were shown on vessels. .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 , .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 .postImageUrl , .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 , .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198:hover , .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198:visited , .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198:active { border:0!important; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198:active , .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198 .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2540b2d0dfb6b2534d3fc306e1013198:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Baroque Art EssayMochica I was a strong continuation of the late Cupisnique sculptural style. The forms are compact with little suggestion of action, and details are often rendered in incised lines. Faces are generalized, but individual personages are differentiated by costume and accessories, and by distinctive physical traits. The style was not very elaborate. Some slip painting was done and the simple designs were sometimes accented by incised lines. The designs are similar to those of the Salinar, but they sometimes used the geometric designs of the Recuay. In Mochica II they mastered the art of slip decoration and oxidation firing. The ornamentation continued to stay predominantly geometric with some figurative motifs. They did have some relief-decorated ceramics whichincorporated two concave sections made in the same mold, usually joined by a bread band of clay into which the stirrup spout was inserted. This mold technique is first type seen in this culture. figure 6 It continues to be used for all sculptural vessels. Sometimes the vessels would require two or more molds, some they used one mold twice. For highly ornamented vessels they would add headdresses and arms after the vessel was assembled and before it was fired. The Mochica III style used much more modeling of the forms and began to lean towards more realistic representations. They began to create highly polished black reduction wares. The oxidized orange ware with cream and red slip decoration was also being used in conjunction with the black ware. This was also the time in history when the Mochica peoples moved out of Moche and Chicama valleys and began to dominate neighboring groups by either military or religious conquests. By the Mochica IV period they had an extensive kingdom established and it brought together the peoples of all the north coast valleys. The ceramics were decorated in flowing, expressive lines and the modeled vessels showed attention to individual detailed ornamentation. But the creative flow in the ceramic styles was hindered somewhat because of a strict militant rule of the warrior-priest class that was beginning. Yet this was still the most creative time for the Mochica people. The final period in Mochica ceramics, due to a collapse of the culture, brought an abrupt termination of the great art tradition that it had expressed so well. The vessels found from this period show a carelessness in painting designs, and less attention to details in the sculptural forms. Many of the figures modeled in to the vessels were warriors dressed for combat. The decline in quality that can be observed, and the nervousness and tension that were expressed in their designs and forms was related to the pressure from the militant expansionist group, the Wari. The struggle between the Mochica and the Wari, was long and fierce, ending in a total collapse of their culture and a loss a 1200 year ceramic tradition.

The one party system in Japan

Introduction The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has dominated Japan’s politics for a very long time. The party was formed in November, 1955 when the Liberal party and Japan Democratic Party merged. LDP held power from 1955 up to 2009. In, 2009, LDP lost its majority in the House of Representatives to the opposition party, the Democratic Party of Japan (Shugart and Wattenberg 89).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The one party system in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, Yukio Hatoyama, the opposition party leader, became Japan’s 92nd Prime Minister. This ended LDP’s dominance of Japanese politics. The following paper explores Japan’s political development after World War II. Emphasis will be on the formation and dominance of Japan’s politics by LDP. Finally, the paper looks into the possibility of two party democracy and possible benefits to the Japanese pe ople. Formation and Dominance of LDP in Japan’s politics Japan suffered a lot of damage during World War II. According to Jaysheree (The Rise of Political Opposition in Japan), most of her infrastructure was destroyed including some major cities like Tokyo. The United States led Allied forces in an occupation where Japan lost some of her territory. For example, The United States occupied Okinawa which was returned to Japan in 1972. The occupation by the Allied forces ended in 1952 and Japan embarked on rebuilding the nation. Therefore, Japan’s political agenda was dominated by the rebuilding of country’s infrastructure and restoring the economy (Shugart and Wattenberg 90). Political activities remained rife during the period of the occupation. There are several reasons that have been given as to why the LDP managed to dominate Japan’s politics for so long. One aspect that enabled LDP to dominate Japanese politics is the reconstruction efforts geared towar ds rural economy. LDP’s reconstruction policies were aimed at helping farmers and small business owners. Therefore, LDP modelled itself into a traditional conservative party (Shugart and Wattenberg 90). Through its policies, LDP gave farmers subsidies and as a result, they were able to increase their production. Tariffs were also introduced in order to protect the domestic market from increased imports. Therefore, LDP’s popularity and support among the rural population grew immensely. The political system also aided LDP’s dominance. LDP‘s main support basis was in the rural areas. The electoral system divided Japan into multimember districts. Each district had an elected representative in the House of Representatives.Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Urban district has higher number of voters than rural districts, however, this was not put into consider ation and as such there were almost an equal number of urban and rural districts (Kikuchi 342). Based on its popularity, the LDP was able to capture most rural districts thus consolidating the party’s dominant position. To ensure that the party enjoyed continued support, most of its policies were more beneficial to the party’s supporters. LDP also established strong foreign relations especially with the United States. The United States offered Japan financial aid which was redirected towards reconstruction efforts. This continued cooperation eventually resulted in the reinstitution of Okinawa to Japan. The United States had occupied Okinawa following Japan’s defeat in the World War II (Jaysheree para. 4). In addition, the United States was also Japan’s main trading partner where she also benefited from imported technology. LDP launched the rapid industrialization initiative whose main goal was to convert Japan into an export based economy. The initiative was launched by the LDP and emphasis increased after the 1973 oil crisis. The oil crisis was instigated by oil producing countries that imposed an oil embargo, thereby resulting in an artificial shortage. This had adverse effects on Japan’s economy which was heavily reliant on oil production (Shugart and Wattenberg 90). LDP moved to avert this risk by introducing technology- based innovations. LDP invested heavily in new technology aimed at discovering new and efficient methods of production. Increased exports led to an improved economy from which LDP was able to base its political agenda on the success of the economy. Another issue that also contributed to the dominance of the LDP in Japan’s politics is political culture. Japanese have been socialized to submit to the authority. This is part of the country’s traditional values. Based on this LDP maintained its dominance since the electorate preferred to vote for the incumbent party (Shugart and Wattenberg 91). This is because they were more familiar with the party’s leadership style. However, this mentality has been on the decrease in recent years and reached its low level in 2009, when an opposition party was able to assume power in Japan. Multi-Party Politics in Japan Opposition parties have always been at the periphery of Japanese politics. There are several factors that have contributed to growth of multiparty politics in Japan. The Electoral reforms in 1994 aimed at correcting some aspects which had made LDP dominant in the politics (Jaysheree para. 6).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The one party system in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More LDP advocated for a simple plurality system that would enable the party to secure a simple majority in both houses. However, opposition parties were opposed to this and advocated for proportional representation. Faced with probable loss of seats in both house s under proportional representation, opposition parties settled a combination of the two forms of electoral practice. Competitive multi party politics have several advantages. One advantage of multiparty politics is that the electorate has a bigger pool to choose from. Candidates present their agendas to the electorate. Therefore, the electorate elects a candidate based on the suitability of his or her agenda. The decision is based on the electorate’s current and future needs. Shugart and Wattenberg indicate another advantage is that multiparty politics is that the opposition checks on the government’s performance (90). This ensures that the government is keen on implementing agenda as presented to the electorate. The opposition, also, checks on the government’s excesses thus it remains accountable in its utilization of resources. In order to bring multi party competitive politics in Japan, several things need to be done. In order to introduce competitive multip arty politics in Japan, there is need to cut links between bureaucracy and policymaking. In Japan, there is a strong link between bureaucracy and political leader. Relationships between the political leadership and bureaucrats impede development of liberal policies (Shugart and Wattenberg 91). Policies are geared towards protection of the bureaucrats’ interests at the expense of developing all inclusive agendas. Bureaucratic procedures established through legislation makes it quite difficult to for foreign investors who identify viable business opportunities in Japan. Another factor that is a major impediment in the development of multi party politics in Japan is corruption. Election law in Japan, for example stipulate the amount of money a candidate is allowed to spend during campaigns. This law has been subject to increased abuse where candidates exceed the limits as prescribed for each seat under the law. Kikuchi gives a good example of the Sagawa transport scandal where t he company financed LDP candidates to a tune of $ 25 million (343). Development of multi party politics leads to increased competition thus candidate keep check of each other’s action.Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Development of competitive politics can have an effect on Japan. Shift from conservative to liberal politics could have ensured increased transparency. Increased bureaucracy is a catalyst of increased corruption. Liberal politics result in more liberalised policies including reduced bureaucratic procedures for foreign investors. Increased investment is essential in Japan’s economy still reeling from the effect of the global financial crisis. Competitive politics also leads to increased scrutiny of party policies. When Democratic Party of Japan assumed power, it promised reforms including introducing more liberalised policies in such facets as business licensing. However, the party did not take into account the bureaucratic structure instituted by the previous regime. Breaking down the bureaucratic structure takes time. Conclusion Japan was highly affected by the global financial crisis in 2008. Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) therefore based its agenda on reforms and thus was able to defeat the LDP. DPJ run into a myriad of problems including changing the bureaucratic structure established under LDP. Also, the party also tried to curb effect of the global recession by instituting several policies. DPJ government has not been very successful in reconciling the above problems and thus the party’s ratings have deteriorated rapidly. Although Japan has made progress towards development of a multi party politics, LDP still holds a lot of power. This is due to established bureaucratic and business relationships. This factor has been detrimental to Democratic Party of Japan efforts in reforms and implementation of policies. Therefore, continued effort from various stakeholders is imperative towards Japan’s efforts of establishing competitive multi party politics. Works Cited Jaysheree, Bojoria. 2009. The Rise of Political Opposition in Japan. 2009. Web. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/rise-political-opposition-japan. Kikuchi, Hisashi. Sagawa no k ane kutta akutoku seijika [The immoral politicians who took Sagawa’s money] : Tokyo: Yamanote Shobà ´ Shinsha, 1992. Print. Shugart , Mathew and Wattenberg, Martin. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems. London: Oxford, 2003. Print. This term paper on The one party system in Japan was written and submitted by user John Ellis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.